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Develop a sustainable wet shotcrete for tunnel lining using industrial waste: a field experiment and simulation approach

  • Jinkun Sun (Civil and Architectural Engineering Institute, Panzhihua University) ;
  • Rita Yi Man Li (Sustainable Real Estate Research Center, Hong Kong Shue Yan University) ;
  • Lindong Li (Civil and Architectural Engineering Institute, Panzhihua University) ;
  • Chenxi Deng (School of Civil Engineering and Environment, Xihua University) ;
  • Shuangshi Ma (School of Civil Engineering and Environment, Xihua University) ;
  • Liyun Zeng (Civil and Architectural Engineering Institute, Panzhihua University)
  • Received : 2022.04.02
  • Accepted : 2023.05.25
  • Published : 2023.05.25
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Abstract

Fast infrastructure development boosts the demand for shotcrete. Despite sand and stone being the most common coarse and fine aggregates for shotcrete, excessive exploration of these materials challenges the ecological environment. This study utilized an industrial solid waste, high-titanium heavy slag, blended with steel fibers to form Wet Shotcrete of Steel Fiber-reinforced High-Titanium Heavy Slag (WSSFHTHS). It investigated its workability, shotcrete performance and mechanical properties under different water-to-cement ratios, fly ash content, superplasticizer dosage, and steel fiber content. The tunnel excavation and support were investigated by conducting finite element numerical simulation analysis and was used in 3 tunnel lining pipes in Zhonggouwan tailing pond. The major findings are as follows: (1) The water-to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) significantly impacted the compressive strength of WSSFHTHS. The highest 28-day compressive strength of 60 MPa was achieved when the w/c ratio was 0.38; (2) Adding fly ash improved the workability and shotcrete performance and strength development of WSSFHTHS. The best anti-permeability performance was achieved when the fly ash constituted 15%, with the lowest permeability coefficient of 4.596 × 10-11 cm/s; (3) The optimum superplasticizer dosage for WSSFHTHS is 0.8%. It provided the best workability and shotcrete performance. Excessive dosage resulted in water bleeding and poor aggregate encapsulation, while insufficient dosage decreased flowability and adversely affected shotcrete performance; (4) The dosage of steel fibers significantly impacted the flexural and tensile strength of WSSFHTHS. When the steel fiber dosage was 45 kg/m3, the 28-day flexural and tensile strengths were 8.95 MPa and 6.15 MPa, respectively; (5) By integrating existing shotcrete techniques, the optimal lining thickness was 80 mm for WSSFHTHS per simulation. The results revealed that after using WSSFHTHS, the displacement of the tunnel surrounding the rock significantly improved, with no cracks or hollows, similar to the simulation results.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was financially supported by "Research Fund of University Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project": Research on Mechanical Properties of Wet Shotcreting Mixed with Steel Fibre and High Titanium Heavy Slag (S202011360019) and Ph.D. Starting Research Fund: Research on the Technology and Industry of a New Type of Prefabricated High-Titanium Heavy Slag Concrete Composite Board (no. 035200192).

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