벤처창업연구 (Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship)

  • 제18권5호
  • /
  • Pages.123-139
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 1975-7557(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2671-9509(eISSN)
한국벤처창업학회 (The Korean Society of Business Venturing)
권호 표지

사회계층과 예비창업자의 사회적 창업 의도: 공동체적 나르시시즘과 사회적 창업가 정체성 열망의 심리적 효과

Social Class and Potential Entrepreneurs' Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Underlying Mechanisms of Communal Narcissism and Social Entrepreneurial Identity Aspiration

  • 투고 : 2023.09.09
  • 심사 : 2023.10.26
  • 발행 : 2023.10.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

후속 사회적 창업가 양성은 사회적 문제에 대한 창의적 시장 기반 해결에 공헌할 수 있다. 사회적 창업의 고유성과 도전성을 고려할 때, 사회적 창업 의도 형성에 영향을 미치는 개인특성을 살펴보는 것은 중요한 연구 주제이며, 실제로 사회적 창업 의도의 선행 변수에 대한 실증 연구가 활발히 진행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 그동안 조명 받지 않은 개인의 사회계층에 초점을 맞추어 해당 변수가 예비 창업가의 사회적 창업 의도 형성에 미치는 영향과 그 심리적 기제를 실증적으로 탐구하였다. 구체적으로 사회계층과 사회적 창업 의도 간 관계에 있어 개인의 사회적 창업가 정체성 열망과 공동체적 나르시시즘이 각각 매개변인, 조절변인으로 기능할 것임을 제안하였다. 본 연구를 위해 한국에 거주 중인 예비 창업가를 대상으로 2단계 온라인 조사를 시행하였고, 144명의 자료에 대한 조절된 매개 효과 분석을 통해 연구 가설을 검증하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 낮은 사회계층은 높은 사회적 창업가 정체성 열망을 예측하였다. 둘째, 공동체적 나르시시즘이 높을(낮을) 때 사회계층과 사회적 창업가 정체성 열망 사이의 부적 관계가 더욱 강해졌다(약해졌다). 셋째, 공동체적 나르시시즘은 사회계층이 사회적 창업가 정체성 열망을 통해 사회적 창업 의도에 미치는 부적 간접효과를 유의하게 조절하였다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 의의가 있다. 첫째, 높은 사회계층이 창업 진로 선택을 촉진한다는 기존 가정에서 벗어나, 낮은 사회계층의 개인이 사회적 창업에 참여하게 되는 가능성과 그 동기를 밝혔다. 둘째, 사회계층이 사회적 창업 의도 형성에 미치는 영향을 설명하는 매개변인과 조절변인으로서 사회적 창업가 정체성 열망과 공동체적 나르시시즘의 중추적 역할을 제시하였다. 마지막으로, 다양한 사회계층 배경을 가진 개인들을 대상으로 한 사회적 창업 촉진 및 지원 프로그램 개발을 위한 중요한 시사점을 제공하였다.

Incubating future social entrepreneurs is of increasing importance for governments and industries that aim to create positive social changes through innovative, market-based solutions. Considering the distinct and challenging nature of a social entrepreneurial career, prior research has explored various antecedents of the formation of social entrepreneurial intention. The current research aims to contribute to the literature by examining social class as a potential precursor of individuals' social entrepreneurial intention formation, with a specific focus on social entrepreneurial identity aspiration as the underlying psychological mechanism and communal narcissism as the contingent factor. Using a two-wave survey data collected among 144 potential entrepreneurs from South Korea, we tested a moderated mediation model to validate the research propositions. The findings can be summarized as follows. First, lower social class was associated with higher social entrepreneurial identity aspiration. Second, when communal narcissism was high(low), the negative relationship between social class and social entrepreneurial identity aspiration was stronger(weaker). Third, communal narcissism moderated the negative impact of social class on social entrepreneurial intention via its effect on social entrepreneurial identity aspiration. This study has significant implications on several fronts. First, we explore the motivations that drive individuals from lower-class backgrounds to participate in social entrepreneurship, going beyond the previous notion that a higher-class context promotes entrepreneurial pursuits. Second, we delve into the underlying mechanism and condition that influence the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions, highlighting the pivotal roles played by social entrepreneurial identity aspiration and communal narcissism. Our findings provide practical insights for institutions seeking to foster the involvement of prospective social entrepreneurs from lower-class backgrounds, thereby generating positive outcomes for marginalized communities.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by the New Faculty Startup Fund from Seoul National University #200-20210018.

참고문헌

  1. Adebusuyi, A. S., & Adebusuyi, O. F.(2020). The influence of social class on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Small Enterprise Research, 27(3), 259-274.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2020.1844044
  2. Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R.(2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White Women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586-592.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586
  3. Adler, N. E., & Snibbe, A. C.(2003). The role of psychosocial processes in explaining the gradient between socioeconomic status and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(4), 119-123.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01245
  4. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G., & Reno, R. R.(1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 
  5. Ajzen, I.(1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  6. Audretsch, D. B., Bonte, W., & Tamvada, J. P.(2013). Religion, social class, and entrepreneurial choice. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(6), 774-789.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.002
  7. Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J.(2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1-22. 
  8. Bacq, S., & Alt, E.(2018). Feeling capable and valued: A prosocial perspective on the link between empathy and social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 333-350. 
  9. Bacq, S., & Janssen, F.(2011). The multiple faces of Social Entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 23(5-6), 373-403.  https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.577242
  10. Bacq, S., Hartog, C., & Hoogendoorn, B.(2016). Beyond the moral portrayal of social entrepreneurs: An empirical approach to who they are and what drives them. Journal of Business Ethics, 133, 703-718.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2446-7
  11. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y.(1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  12. Baker, T., & Powell, E. E.(2020). Founder identity theory. The Psychology of Entrepreneurship, 164-181. 
  13. Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A.(2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587-598. 
  14. Belmi, P., & Laurin, K.(2016). Who wants to get to the top? Class and lay theories about power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(4), 505-529.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000060
  15. Berg, J. M., Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E.(2010). Perceiving and responding to challenges in job crafting at different ranks: When proactivity requires adaptivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2-3), 158-186.  https://doi.org/10.1002/job.645
  16. Bolino, M. C., & Grant, A. M.(2016). The bright side of being prosocial at work, and the Dark Side, too: A review and agenda for research on other-oriented motives, behavior, and impact in organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 599-670.  https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1153260
  17. Bondu, R., & Esser, G.(2015). Justice and rejection sensitivity in children and adolescents with ADHD symptoms. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(2), 185-198.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0560-9
  18. Brislin, R. W.(1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner, J. W. Berry, W. J. Lonner, & J. W. Berry(Eds.), Field Method in Cross-cultural Research, 137-164. Sage Publications. 
  19. Campbell, W. K., & Baumeister, R. F.(2006). Narcissistic Personality Disorder. In J. E. Fisher & W. T. O'Donohue(Eds.), Practitioner's Guide to Evidence-based Psychotherapy, 423-431. Springer Science+Business Media. 
  20. Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D.(2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides & S. J. Spencer(Eds.). Frontiers in Social Psychology: The self, 115-138. New York, NY: Psychology Press. 
  21. Cheah, J. S., Loh, S., & Gunasekaran, A.(2023). Motivational catalysts: the dominant role between prosocial personality and social entrepreneurial intentions among university students. Social Enterprise Journal. 
  22. Cote, S.(2011). How social class shapes thoughts and actions in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 43-71.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2011.09.004
  23. Dees, J. G.(2007). Taking social entrepreneurship seriously. Society, 44(3), 24-31  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02819936
  24. Dees, J. G.(2012). A tale of two cultures: Charity, problem solving, and the future of social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 321-334.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1412-5
  25. DeOrtentiis, P. S., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Wanberg, C. R.(2022). Different starting lines, different finish times: The role of social class in the job search process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(3), 444-457.  https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000915
  26. Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A.(2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90.  https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600305
  27. Farmer, S. M., Yao, X., & Kung-McIntyre, K.(2011). The behavioral impact of entrepreneur identity aspiration and prior entrepreneurial experience. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(2), 245-273.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00358.x
  28. Fisher, O., O & Donnell, S. C., & Oyserman, D.(2017). Social class and identity-based motivation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 61-66. 
  29. Gao, S. Y., & Huang, J.(2022). Effect of narcissistic personality on entrepreneurial intention among college students: Mediation role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 774510. 
  30. Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R.(2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854-878.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029629
  31. Gonzalez-Lopez, M. J., Perez-Lopez, M. C., & Rodriguez-Ariza, L.(2021). From potential to early nascent entrepreneurship: The role of Entrepreneurial Competencies. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(3), 1387-1417.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00658-x
  32. Grijalva, E., Harms, P.D., Newman, D.A., Gaddis, B.H., Fraley, R.C., (2015). Narcissism and leadership: a meta-analytic review of linear and nonlinear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1-47.  https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12072
  33. Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Delton, A. W., & Robertson, T. E.(2011). The influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on risk and delayed rewards: A life history theory approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 1015-1026.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022403
  34. Hassan, H. M., Igel, B., & Shamsuddoha, M.(2022). Entrepreneurship education and social entrepreneurial intentions: The mediating effects of entrepreneurial social network. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 860273. 
  35. Hayes, A. F.(2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1-22.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
  36. Hoang, H., & Gimeno, J.(2010). Becoming a founder: How founder role identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 41-53. 
  37. Hockerts, K.(2017). Determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105-130.  https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12171
  38. Hossain, M. U., Arefin, M. S., & Yukongdi, V.(2021). Personality traits, social self-efficacy, social support, and social entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1-21. 
  39. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M.(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. 
  40. Johnson, W., & Krueger, R. F.(2005). Higher perceived life control decreases genetic variance in physical health: Evidence from a national twin study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 165-173.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.165
  41. Jones, R., Latham, J., & Betta, M.(2008). Narrative construction of the social entrepreneurial identity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 14(5), 330-345.  https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550810897687
  42. Kish-Gephart, J. J., Moergen, K. J., Tilton, J. D., & Gray, B.(2023). Social class and work: A review and organizing framework. Journal of Management, 49(1), 509-565. 
  43. Kraus, M. W., Cote, S., & Keltner, D.(2010). Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1716-1723. 
  44. Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D.(2009). Social class, sense of control, and social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 992-1004.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016357
  45. Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D.(2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119(3), 546-572.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028756
  46. Krueger Jr, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V.(1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91-104.  https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800307
  47. Lachman, M. E., & Weaver, S. L.(1998). The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 763-773.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.763
  48. Lee, C., & Oh, H. (2017). An Effect of Compassion, Moral Obligation on Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Examining the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 12(5), 127-139.  https://doi.org/10.16972/apjbve.12.5.201710.127
  49. Light, P. C.(2006). Reshaping social entrepreneurship. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 4(3), 47-51. 
  50. Liu, D., Zhu, T., Huang, X., Wang, M., & Huang, M.(2021). Narcissism and entrepreneurship: A systematic review and an agenda for future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 657681. 
  51. Loignon, A. C., & Woehr, D. J.(2018). Social class in the organizational sciences: A conceptual integration and meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 44(1), 61-88.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317728106
  52. Luc, P. T.(2022). The relationships between big-five personality traits and social entrepreneurship intention. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), 2137950. 
  53. Mair, J., & Marti, I.(2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
  54. Mair, J., & Noboa, E.(2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. In Social entrepreneurship(pp. 121-135). Palgrave Macmillan, London. 
  55. Mair, J., Robinson, J., & Hockerts, K.(2006). Social entrepreneurship. Palgrave Macmillan. 
  56. Markus, H. & Nurius, P.(1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954
  57. Mathieu, C., & St-Jean, E.(2013). Entrepreneurial personality: The role of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 527-531.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.026
  58. McLeod, P. L., Lobel, S. A., & Cox, T. H.(1996). Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups. Small Group Research, 27(2), 248-264.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496496272003
  59. Mittal, C., Griskevicius, V., Simpson, J. A., Sung, S., & Young, E. S.(2015). Cognitive adaptations to stressful environments: When childhood adversity enhances adult executive function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(4), 604-621.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000028
  60. Murnieks, C. Y., Mosakowski, E., & Cardon, M. S.(2014). Pathways of passion: Identity centrality, passion, and behavior among entrepreneurs. Journal of Management, 40(6), 1583-1606. 
  61. Nehrlich, A. D., Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., & Schoel, C.(2019). Agentic narcissism, communal narcissism, and prosociality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(1), 142-165.  https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000190
  62. Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Schwarz, S., Cohen, M., & Nielsen, I.(2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A systematic review of the literature on its theoretical foundations, measurement, antecedents, and outcomes, and an agenda for future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 403-419.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.012
  63. Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N.(2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 867-872. 
  64. Paulhus, D.L., Westlake, B.G., Calvez, S.S., & Harms, P.D.(2013). Self-presentation style in job interviews: the role of personality and culture. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(10), 2042-2059. 
  65. Phillips, K. W., & Loyd, D. L.(2006). When surface and deep-level diversity collide: The effects on dissenting group members. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99(2), 143-160.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.12.001
  66. Piff, P. K., & Moskowitz, J. P.(2018). Wealth, poverty, and happiness: Social class is differentially associated with positive emotions. Emotion, 18(6), 902-905.  https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000387
  67. Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N.(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  68. Politis, K., Ketikidis, P., Diamantidis, A. D., & Lazuras, L.(2016). An investigation of social entrepreneurial intentions formation among South-East European postgraduate students. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(4), 1120-1141.  https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-03-2016-0047
  69. Prieto, L. C.(2011). The influence of proactive personality on social entrepreneurial intentions among African American and Hispanic undergraduate students: the moderating role of hope. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 17(2), 77-96. 
  70. Radin, A. Rahman, Othman, N., & Pihie, Z. A. L.(2017). Social entrepreneurial intention among students of different status and university category. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(15), 377-394. 
  71. Radu-Lefebvre, M., Lefebvre, V., Crosina, E., & Hytti, U.(2021). Entrepreneurial identity: A review and research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(6), 1550-1590.  https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211013795
  72. Rakicevic, Z., Njegic, K., Cogoljevic, M., & Rakicevic, J.(2023). Mediated effect of entrepreneurial education on students' intention to engage in social entrepreneurial projects. Sustainability, 15(5), 4606. 
  73. Robinson, J.(2006). Navigating social and institutional barriers to markets: How social entrepreneurs identify and evaluate opportunities. In J. Mair, J. Robinson, & K. Hockerts(Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship, 95-120. Palgrave Macmillan. 
  74. Rose, P.(2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(3), 379-391.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00162-3
  75. Rosseel, Y.(2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36.  https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
  76. Ruskin, J., Seymour, R. G., & Webster, C. M.(2016). Why create value for others? An exploration of social entrepreneurial motives. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(4), 1015-1037. 
  77. Saebi, T., Foss, N. J., & Linder, S.(2019). Social entrepreneurship research: Past achievements and future promises. Journal of Management, 45(1), 70-95.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318793196
  78. Seibert, S. E., Nielsen, J. D., & Kraimer, M. L.(2021). Awakening the entrepreneur within: Entrepreneurial identity aspiration and the role of displacing work events. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(8), 1224-1238.  https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000823
  79. Shahverdi, M., Ismail, K., & Qureshi, M. I.(2018). The effect of perceived barriers on social entrepreneurship intention in Malaysian universities: The moderating role of Education. Management Science Letters, 341-352. 
  80. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S.(2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226. 
  81. Shapero, A., & Sokol, L.(1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In K. H. Vesper, D. L. Sexton, & C. A. Kent(Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 72-90. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 
  82. Sharps, D. L., & Anderson, C.(2021). Social class background, disjoint agency, and hiring decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 167, 129-143.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.08.003
  83. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P.(2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with big five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 61-71.  https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833
  84. Smith, I. H., & Woodworth, W. P.(2012). Developing social entrepreneurs and social innovators: A social identity and self-efficacy approach. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 390-407. 
  85. Snibbe, A. C., & Markus, H. R.(2005). You can't always get what you want: Educational attainment, agency, and choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 703-720.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.703
  86. Speier, C., & Frese, Mi.(1997). Generalized self-efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative: A longitudinal field study in East Germany. Human Performance, 10(2), 171-192. 
  87. Stellar, J. E., Manzo, V. M., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D.(2012). Class and compassion: Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering. Emotion, 12(3), 449-459.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026508
  88. Stephens, N. M., Brannon, T. N., Markus, H. R., & Nelson, J. E.(2015). Feeling at home in college: Fortifying School-relevant selves to reduce social class disparities in higher education. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 1-24.  https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12008
  89. Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A.(2012). Social class disparities in health and education: reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior. Psychological Review, 119(4), 723-744.  https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029028
  90. Storck, L. E.(1997). Cultural Psychotherapy: A Consideration of Psychosocial Class and Cultural Differences in Group Treatment. Group, 21(4), 331-349.  https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022104319177
  91. Swain, S., & Patoju, S. K.(2022). Factors influencing to choose social entrepreneurship as a career: A study on social entrepreneurship students from India. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 31(1), 65-89.  https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557211069296
  92. Tan, L. P., Le, A. N. H., & Xuan, L. P.(2020). A systematic literature review on social entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 241-256.  https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2019.1640770
  93. Tan, L. P., Pham, L. X., & Bui, T. T.(2021). Personality traits and social entrepreneurial intention: the mediating effect of perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 30(1), 56-80.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355720974811
  94. Thompson, E. R.(2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x
  95. Tu, B., Bhowmik, R., Hasan, M. K., Asheq, A. A., Rahaman, M. A., & Chen, X.(2021). Graduate students' behavioral intention towards social entrepreneurship: Role of social vision, innovativeness, social proactiveness, and risk taking. Sustainability, 13(11), 6386. 
  96. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K.(2002). Self-esteem and socioeconomic status: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(1), 59-71.  https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0601_3
  97. Van Gelderen, M. W., Kautonen, T., & Fink, M.(2015). From entrepreneurial intentions to actions: Self-control and action related doubt, fear, and aversion. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), 655-673.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.01.003
  98. Yamini, R., Soloveva, D., & Peng, X.(2022). What inspires Social Entrepreneurship? The role of prosocial motivation, intrinsic motivation, and gender in forming social entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 12(2), 71-105.  https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2019-0129
  99. Yu, S., & Blader, S. L.(2020). Why does social class affect subjective well-being? The role of status and power. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(3), 331-348.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219853841
  100. Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Ahrari, S., Krauss, S. E., Samah, A. A., Meng, L. K., & Ariffin, Z.(2019). Predicting social entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analytic path analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Research, 96, 264-276. 
  101. Zur, A.(2021). Entrepreneurial identity and social-business tensions-the experience of social entrepreneurs. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 438-461.  https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2020.1740297