Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Therapeutic applications of ginseng for skeletal muscle-related disorder management

  • Syed Sayeed Ahmad (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Hee Jin Chun (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Khurshid Ahmad (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University) ;
  • Inho Choi (Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University)
  • Received : 2023.04.28
  • Accepted : 2023.06.09
  • Published : 2024.01.01
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Abstract

Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (2020R1A6A1A03044512) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), and funded by the Korean government (NRF-2021R1A2C2004177).

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