Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Academic Award, Fall of 2021.
References
- Stein CE, Birmingham M, Kurian M, Duclos P, Strebel P. The global burden of measles in the year 2000--a model that uses country-specific indicators. J Infect Dis 2003;187 Suppl 1:S8-14. https://doi.org/10.1086/368114
- Gastanaduy PA, Goodson JL, Panagiotakopoulos L, Rota PA, Orenstein WA, Patel M. Measles in the 21st century: progress toward achieving and sustaining elimination. J Infect Dis 2021;224 Suppl 2:S420-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa793
- Marshall TM, Hlatswayo D, Schoub B. Nosocomial outbreaks--a potential threat to the elimination of measles? J Infect Dis 2003;187 Suppl 1:S97-101. https://doi.org/10.1086/368041
- Science M, Savage R, Severini A, McLachlan E, Hughes SL, Arnold C, et al. Measles antibody levels in young infants. Pediatrics 2019;144:e20190630.
- Baccolini V, Sindoni A, Adamo G, Rosso A, Massimi A, Bella A, et al. Measles among healthcare workers in Italy: is it time to act? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020;16:2618-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1737458
- Stone SP, Cooper BS, Kibbler CC, Cookson BD, Roberts JA, Medley GF, et al. The ORION statement: guidelines for transparent reporting of outbreak reports and intervention studies of nosocomial infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:282-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70082-8
- Wieland K, Chhatwal P, Vonberg RP. Outbreak reporting a decade after ORION: where do we stand? Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:476.
- Song K, Lee JM, Lee EJ, Lee BR, Choi JY, Yun J, et al. Control of a nosocomial measles outbreak among previously vaccinated adults in a population with high vaccine coverage: Korea, 2019. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022;41:455-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-021-04390-4
- Westgeest AC, de Mooij D, Eger CY, Delfos NM, van der Feltz M, Visser LG, et al. Measles outbreaks - potential threat for health care professionals. Infect Prev Pract 2020;2:100074.
- Biribawa C, Atuhairwe JA, Bulage L, Okethwangu DO, Kwesiga B, Ario AR, et al. Measles outbreak amplified in a pediatric ward: Lyantonde district, Uganda, August 2017. BMC Infect Dis 2020;20:398.
- Orsi A, Butera F, Piazza MF, Schenone S, Canepa P, Caligiuri P, et al. Analysis of a 3-months measles outbreak in western Liguria, Italy: are hospital safe and healthcare workers reliable? J Infect Public Health 2020;13:619-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.08.016
- Cornelissen L, Grammens T, Leenen S, Schirvel C, Hutse V, Demeester R, et al. High number of hospitalisations and non-classical presentations: lessons learned from a measles outbreak in 2017, Belgium. Epidemiol Infect 2020;148:e35.
- Kohlmaier B, Schweintzger NA, Zenz W. Measles recognition during measles outbreak at a paediatric university hospital, Austria, January to February 2017. Euro Surveill 2020;25:1900260.
- Cheng VCC, Wong SCY, Wong SC, Sridhar S, Chen JHK, Yip CCY, et al. Measles outbreak from Hong Kong International Airport to the hospital due to secondary vaccine failure in healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2019;40:1407-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.278
- Hubiche T, Brazier C, Vabret A, Reynaud S, Roudiere L, Del Giudice P. Measles transmission in a fully vaccinated closed cohort: data from a nosocomial clustered cases in a teenage psychiatric unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019;38:e230-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002372
- Berry L, Palmer T, Wells F, Williams E, Sibal B, Timms J. Nosocomial outbreak of measles amongst a highly vaccinated population in an English hospital setting. Infect Prev Pract 2019;1:100018.
- Hiller U, Mankertz A, Koneke N, Wicker S. Hospital outbreak of measles - evaluation and costs of 10 occupational cases among healthcare worker in Germany, February to March 2017. Vaccine 2019;37:1905-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.068
- Fu J, Jiang C, Wang J, Cai R, Cheng W, Shi L, et al. A hospital-associated measles outbreak in health workers in Beijing: implications for measles elimination in China, 2018. Int J Infect Dis 2019;78:85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.10.023
- Lake JG, Luvsansharav UO, Hagan JE, Goodson JL, Jigjidsuren N, Gombojamts N, et al. Healthcare-associated measles after a nationwide outbreak in Mongolia. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:288-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy067
- Jia H, Ma C, Lu M, Fu J, Rodewald LE, Su Q, et al. Transmission of measles among healthcare workers in Hospital W, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China, 2016. BMC Infect Dis 2018;18:36.
- Porretta A, Quattrone F, Aquino F, Pieve G, Bruni B, Gemignani G, et al. A nosocomial measles outbreak in Italy, February-April 2017. Euro Surveill 2017;22:30597.
- Gohil SK, Okubo S, Klish S, Dickey L, Huang SS, Zahn M. Healthcare workers and post-elimination era measles: lessons on acquisition and exposure prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:166-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ802
- Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Yang L, Lu C, Meng Y, Guan X, et al. Measles outbreak among previously immunized adult healthcare workers, China, 2015. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2016;2016:1742530.
- Zhang DL, Pan JR, Xie SY, Zhou Y, Shen LZ, Xu GZ, et al. A hospital-associated measles outbreak among individuals not targeted for vaccination in eastern China, 2014. Vaccine 2015;33:4100-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.066
- Fiebelkorn AP, Redd SB, Kuhar DT. Measles in healthcare facilities in the United States during the Postelimination Era, 2001-2014. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:615-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ387
- Wang FJ, Sun XJ, Wang FL, Jiang LF, Xu EP, Guo JF. An outbreak of adult measles by nosocomial transmission in a high vaccination coverage community. Int J Infect Dis 2014;26:67-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.006
- Baxi R, Mytton OT, Abid M, Maduma-Butshe A, Iyer S, Ephraim A, et al. Outbreak report: nosocomial transmission of measles through an unvaccinated healthcare worker-implications for public health. J Public Health (Oxf ) 2014;36:375-81. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdt096
- Low C, Thoon KC, Lin R, Chua A, Hishamuddin P, Tay J, et al. Possible nosocomial transmission of measles in unvaccinated children in a Singapore public hospital. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2012;3:7-11. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2012.3.4.008
- Barbadoro P, Marigliano A, Di Tondo E, De Paolis M, Martini E, Prospero E, et al. Measles among healthcare workers in a teaching hospital in central Italy. J Occup Health 2012;54:336-9. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.12-0016-BR
- Lefebvre F, Merle V, Savoye G, Lemee V, Chapuzet C, Marini H, et al. Nosocomial transmission of measles: do we need extra precautions to avoid it? J Hosp Infect 2011;79:185-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2011.05.025
- Nakano T, Ihara T, Kamiya H. Measles outbreak among non-immunized children in a Japanese hospital. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34:426-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365540110080638
- Guerra FM, Bolotin S, Lim G, Heffernan J, Deeks SL, Li Y, et al. The basic reproduction number (R0) of measles: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:e420-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30307-9
- Pike J, Leidner AJ, Gastanaduy PA. A review of measles outbreak cost estimates from the United States in the Postelimination Era (2004-2017): estimates by perspective and cost type. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:1568-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa070