References
- Grada AA, Phillips TJ. Lymphedema: pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;77(06):1009-1020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.03.022
- Schook CC, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Grant FD, Zurakowski D, Greene AK. Primarylymphedema: clinical features andmanagement in 138 pediatric patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(06):2419-2431 https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e318213a218
- Greene AK, Goss JA. Diagnosis and staging of lymphedema. Semin Plast Surg 2018;32(01):12-16 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635117
- Allen E. Lymphedema of the extremities. Classification, etiology and differential diagnosis: a study of three hundred cases. Arch Intern Med (Chic) 1934;54(04):606-624 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1934.00160160125008
- Smeltzer DM, Stickler GB, Schirger A. Primary lymphedema in children and adolescents: a follow-up study and review. Pediatrics 1985;76(02):206-218
- Kinmonth JB, Taylor GW, Tracy GD, Marsh JD. Primary lymphoedema; clinical and lymphangiographic studies of a series of 107 patients in which the lower limbs were affected. Br J Surg 1957;45(189):1-9 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.18004518902
- Van Damme A, Seront E, Dekeuleneer V, Boon LM, Vikkula M. New and emerging targeted therapies for vascular malformations. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020;21(05):657-668 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00528-w
- Brouillard P, Boon L, Vikkula M. Genetics of lymphatic anomalies. J Clin Invest 2014;124(03):898-904 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI71614
- Connell F, Brice G, Mortimer P. Phenotypic characterization of primary lymphedema. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1131:140-146 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1413.013
- Kinmonth JB, Eustace PW. Lymph nodes and vessels in primary lymphoedema. Their relative importance in aetiology. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1976;58(04):278-284
- Liu NF, Yan ZX, Wu XF. Classification of lymphatic-system malformations in primary lymphoedema based on MR lymphangiography. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;44(03):345-349 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.06.019
- Wolfe JHN, Kinmonth JB. The prognosis of primary lymphedema of the lower limbs. Arch Surg 1981;116(09):1157-1160 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380210037007
- Murdaca G, Cagnati P, Gulli R, et al. Current views on diagnostic approach and treatment of lymphedema. Am J Med 2012;125(02):134-140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.06.032
- Koshima I, Inagawa K, Urushibara K, Moriguchi T. Supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis for the treatment of lymphedema in the upper extremities. J Reconstr Microsurg 2000;16(06):437-442 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-947150
- Hara H, Mihara M, Ohtsu H, Narushima M, Iida T, Koshima I. Indication of lymphaticovenous anastomosis for lower limb primary lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;136(04):883-893 https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001631
- Cheng MH, Loh CYY, Lin CY. Outcomes of vascularized lymph node transfer and lymphovenous anastomosis for treatment of primary lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2018;6(12):e2056
- Mosti G, Cavezzi A. Compression therapy in lymphedema: between past and recent scientific data. Phlebology 2019;34(08):515-522 https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355518824524
- Chang DW, Masia J, Garza R III, Skoracki R, Neligan PC. Lymphedema: Surgical and medical therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;138(3, Suppl)209S-218S https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002683
- Desai SS, Shao MVascular Outcomes Collaborative. Superior clinical, quality of life, functional, and health economic outcomes with pneumatic compression therapy for lymphedema. Ann Vasc Surg 2020;63:298-306 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.08.091
- Becker C, Arrive L, Saaristo A, et al. Surgical treatment of congenital lymphedema. Clin Plast Surg 2012;39(04):377-384 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2012.08.001
- Ciudad P, Manrique OJ, Bustos SS, et al. Comparisons in long-term clinical outcomes among patients with upper or lower extremity lymphedema treated with diverse vascularized lymph node transfer. Microsurgery 2020;40(02):130-136 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30508
- Cheng MH, Liu TTF. Lymphedema microsurgery improved outcomes of pediatric primary extremity lymphedema. Microsurgery 2020;40(07):766-775 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30622
- Cheng MH, Chen SC, Henry SL, Tan BK, Chia-Yu Lin M, Huang JJ. Vascularized groin lymph node flap transfer for postmastectomy upper limb lymphedema: flap anatomy, recipient sites, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;131(06):1286-1298 https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31828bd3b3
- Wilting J, Becker J. The lymphatic vascular system: much more than just a sewer. Cell Biosci 2022;12(01):157
- Gianesini S, Rimondi E, Raffetto JD, et al. Human collecting lymphatic glycocalyx identification by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Sci Rep 2023;13(01):3022
- Dellon AL, Hoopes JE. The Charles procedure for primary lymphedema. Long-term clinical results. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;60(04):589-595 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197710000-00015
- McKEE DMEM, Edgerton MT Jr. The surgical treatment of lymphedema of the lower extremities. Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull 1959;23(05):480-492 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-195905000-00002
- Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Svensson B, Svensson H. Controlled compression and liposuction treatment for lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology 2008;41(02):52-63
- Boyages J, Kastanias K, Koelmeyer LA, et al. Liposuction for advanced lymphedema: a multidisciplinary approach for complete reduction of arm and leg swelling. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22(Suppl 3):S1263-S1270 https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-015-4700-3
- Vignes S, Albuisson J, Champion L, et al; French National Referral Center for Primary Lymphedema. Primary lymphedema French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (PNDS; Protocole National de Diagnostic et de Soins). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021;16(01):18
- Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, et al; PRISMA-P Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ 2015;350:g7647
- Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al; PRISMA-P Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 2015;4(01):1
- OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. The Oxford Levels of Evidence 1. 2009
- Murad MH, Sultan S, Haffar S, Bazerbachi F. Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports. BMJ Evid Based Med 2018;23(02):60-63. Doi: 10.1136/bmjebm-2017-110853
- Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality if nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. 2012. Accessed September 1st 2023, at: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
- MacKmull G, Weeder SD. Congenital lymphedema; case report with results of surgical correction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1950;5(02):157-162 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-195002000-00005
- Fonkalsrud EW. Congenital lymphedema of the extremities in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 1969;4(02):231-236 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3468(69)90397-2
- Tilley AR, Douglas LG. Staged treatment of lymphedema praecox. Can Med Assoc J 1974;110(03):309-312
- Feins NR, Rubin R, Crais T, O'Connor JF. Surgical management of thirty-nine children with lymphedema. J Pediatr Surg 1977;12(03):471-476 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3468(77)90026-4
- Louton RB, Terranova WA. The use of suction curettage as adjunct to the management of lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg 1989;22(04):354-357 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-198904000-00013
- Dumanian GA, Futrell JW. Radical excision and delayed reconstruction of a lymphedematous leg with a 15 year follow-up. Lymphology 1996;29(01):20-24
- Koshima I, Nanba Y, Tsutsui T, Takahashi Y, Itoh S. Long-term follow-up after lymphaticovenular anastomosis for lymphedema in the leg. J Reconstr Microsurg 2003;19(04):209-215 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-40575
- Fraga MFP, Junior AH, Guedes Neto HJ. Disarticulation of the left upper extremity for treatment of giant primary lymphedema-case report. Lymphology 2004;37(04):199-201
- Hosnuter M, Buyukates M, Babuccu B. An unusual case of lymphedema tarda. Med Sci Monit 2006;12(10):CS99-CS102
- Greene AK, Slavin SA, Borud L. Treatment of lower extremity lymphedema with suction-assisted lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;118(05):118e-121e https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000237020.29209.22
- Espinosa-de-Los-Monteros A, Hinojosa CA, Abarca L, Iglesias M. Compression therapy and liposuction of lower legs for bilateral hereditary primary lymphedema praecox. J Vasc Surg 2009;49(01):222-224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.07.073
- Eryilmaz T, Kaya B, Ozmen S, Kandal S. Suction-assisted lipectomy for treatment of lower-extremity lymphedema. Aesthet Plast Surg 2009;33(04):671-673 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-009-9351-y
- van der Walt JC, Perks TJ, Zeeman BJV, Bruce-Chwatt AJ, Graewe FR. Modified Charles procedure using negative pressure dressings for primary lymphedema: a functional assessment. Ann Plast Surg 2009;62(06):669-675 https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e318180cd24
- Karonidis A, Chen HC. Preservation of toes in advanced lymphedema: an important step in the control of infection. Ann Plast Surg 2010;64(04):446-450 https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181b30416
- de Godoy JMP, Azoubel LMO, de Fatima Guerreiro Godoy M. Surgical treatment of elephantiasis of the feet in congenital lymphedema to facilitate the use of a compression mechanism. Int J Gen Med 2010;3:115-118 https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S8962
- Mihara M, Hayashi Y, Murai N, et al. Regional diagnosis of lymphoedema and selection of sites for lymphaticovenular anastomosis using elastography. Clin Radiol 2011;66(08):715-719 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2011.03.004
- Yamamoto T, Koshima I, Yoshimatsu H, Narushima M, Miahara M, Iida T. Simultaneous multi-site lymphaticovenular anastomoses for primary lower extremity and genital lymphoedema complicated with severe lymphorrhea. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011;64(06):812-81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2010.10.011
- Auba C, Marre D, Rodriguez-Losada G, Hontanilla B. Lymphaticovenular anastomoses for lymphedema treatment: 18 months postoperative outcomes. Microsurgery 2012;32(04):261-268 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.20980
- Suehiro K, Morikage N, Murakami M, Yamashita O, Hamano K. Primary lymphedema complicated by weeping chylous vesicles in the leg and scrotum: report of a case. Surg Today 2012;42(11):1100-1103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-012-0193-x
- Yamamoto T, Yoshimatsu H, Yamamoto N, Narushima M, Iida T, Koshima I. Side-to-end lymphaticovenular anastomosis through temporary lymphatic expansion. PLoS ONE 2013;8(03):e59523
- Ayestaray B, Bekara F. π-shaped lymphaticovenular anastomosis: the venous flow sparing technique for the treatment of peripheral lymphedema. J Reconstr Microsurg 2014;30(08):551-560 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1370356
- Gomez Martin C, Murillo C, Maldonado AA, Cristobal L, Fernandez-Canamaque JL. Double autologous lymph node transplantation (ALNT) at the level of the knee and inguinal region for advanced lymphoedema of the lower limb (elephantiasis). J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014;67(02):267-270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2013.09.016
- Qiu SS, Chen HY, Cheng MH. Vascularized lymph node flap transfer and lymphovenous anastomosis for Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome with congenital lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;134(01):1-5
- Akita S, Mitsukawa N, Kuriyama M, et al. Comparison of vascularized supraclavicular lymph node transfer and lymphaticovenular anastomosis for advanced stage lower extremity lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg 2015;74(05):573-579 https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000000513
- Ito R, Wu CT, Lin MCY, Cheng MH. Successful treatment of early-stage lower extremity lymphedema with side-to-end lymphovenous anastomosis with indocyanine green lymphography assisted. Microsurgery 2016;36(04):310-315 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30010
- Koshima I, Narushima M, Mihara M, et al. Lymphadiposal flaps and lymphaticovenular anastomoses for severe leg edema: functional reconstruction for lymph drainage system. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016;32(01):50-55 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554935
- Chen WF, Yamamoto T, Fisher M, Liao J, Carr J. The "Octopus" lymphaticovenular anastomosis: evolving beyond the standard supermicrosurgical technique. J Reconstr Microsurg 2015;31(06):450-457 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1548746
- Gennaro P, Gabriele G, Mihara M, et al. Supramicrosurgical lymphatico-venular anastomosis (LVA) in treating lymphoedema: 36-months preliminary report. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016;20(22):4642-4653
- Greene AK, Maclellan RA. Operative treatment of lymphedema using suction-assisted lipectomy. Ann Plast Surg 2016;77(03):337-340 https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000000597
- Lamprou DAA, Voesten HGJ, Damstra RJ, Wikkeling ORM. Circumferential suction-assisted lipectomy in the treatment of primary and secondary end-stage lymphoedema of the leg. Br J Surg 2017;104(01):84-89 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10325
- Lee M, Perry L, Granzow J. Suction assisted protein lipectomy (SAPL) even for the treatment of chronic fibrotic and scarified lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology 2016;49(01):36-41
- Yamamoto T, Yoshimatsu H, Yamamoto N. Complete lymph flow reconstruction: a free vascularized lymph node true perforator flap transfer with efferent lymphaticolymphatic anastomosis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016;69(09):1227-1233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2016.06.028
- Chen WF, Zhao H, Yamamoto T, Hara H, Ding J. Indocyanine green lymphographic evidence of surgical efficacy following microsurgical and supermicrosurgical lymphedema reconstructions. J Reconstr Microsurg 2016;32(09):688-698 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1586254
- Mihara M, Hara H, Tange S, et al. Multisite lymphaticovenular bypass using supermicrosurgery technique for lymphedema management in lower lymphedema cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;138(01):262-272 https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002254
- Lee KT, Park JW, Mun GH. Serial two-year follow-up after lymphaticovenular anastomosis for the treatment of lymphedema. Microsurgery 2017;37(07):763-770 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30200
- Stewart CJ, Munnoch DA. Liposuction as an effective treatment for lower extremity lymphoedema: a single surgeon's experience over nine years. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018;71(02):239-245 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2017.11.003
- Borz C, Muresan M, Jimborean O, et al. Modified enteromesenteric bridging operation for primary lymphedema. Ann Ital Chir 2018;89(00):350-356
- Sachanandani NS, Chu SY, Ho OA, Cheong CF, Lin MCY, Cheng MH. Lymphedema and concomitant venous comorbidity in the extremity: comprehensive evaluation, management strategy, and outcomes. J Surg Oncol 2018;118(06):941-952 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25237
- Bolletta A, Di Taranto G, Chen SH, et al. Surgical treatment of Milroy disease. J Surg Oncol 2020;121(01):175-181 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25583
- Giacalone G, Yamamoto T, Belva F, et al. The application of virtual reality for preoperative planning of lymphovenous anastomosis in a patient with a complex lymphatic malformation. J Clin Med 2019;8(03):371
- Maruccia M, Pezzolla A, Nacchiero E, et al. Efficacy and early results after combining laparoscopic harvest of double gastroepiploic lymph node flap and active physiotherapy for lower extremity lymphedema. Microsurgery 2019;39(08):679-687 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30511
- AlJindan FK, Lin CY, Cheng MH. Comparison of outcomes between side-to-end and end-to-end lymphovenous anastomoses for early-grade extremity lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;144(02):486-496 https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005870
- Drobot A, Bez M, Abu Shakra I, et al. Microsurgery for management of primary and secondary lymphedema. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021;9(01):226-233.e1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.04.025
- Onoda S, Nishimon K. The utility of surgical and conservative combination therapy for advanced stage lymphedema. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021;9(01):234-241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.007
- Scaglioni MF, Meroni M, Fritsche E. Combining superficial and deep lymphovenous anastomosis for lymphedema treatment: preliminary results. Microsurgery 2022;42(01):22-31 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30701
- Robertson B, Neville E, Broering M, Tobler W, Recht M, Muck P. Multidisciplinary approach to management of severe lymphedema with one-stage radical excision and split-thickness skin grafting: report of two cases. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020;8(04):658-661 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01.004
- Damstra RJ, Dickinson-Blok JL, Voesten HGJM. Shaving technique and compression therapy for Elephantiasis Nostras Verrucosa (Lymphostatic Verrucosis) of forefeet and toes in end-stage primary lymphedema: a 5 year follow-up study in 28 patients and a review of the literature. J Clin Med 2020;9(10):3139
- Hayashi A, Visconti G, Yang CJ, Hayashi N, Yoshimatsu H. Additional lymphaticovenular anastomosis on the posterior side for treatment of primary lower extremity lymphedema. J Clin Med 2022;11(03):867
- Mavili ME, Naldoken S, Safak T. Modified Charles operation for primary fibrosclerotic lymphedema. Lymphology 1994;27(01):14-20
- Greene AK, Schook CC. Primary lymphedema: definition of onset based on developmental age. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129(01):221e-222e https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182365c91
- Barone V, Borghini A, Tedone Clemente E, et al. New insights into the pathophysiology of primary and secondary lymphedema: histopathological studies on human lymphatic collecting vessels. Lymphat Res Biol 2020;18(06):502-509 https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2020.0037
- Goss JA, Maclellan RA, Greene AK. Adult-onset primary lymphedema: a clinical-lymphoscintigraphic study of 26 patients. Lymphat Res Biol 2019;17(06):620-623 https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2018.0032
- Ciudad P, Manrique OJ, Bustos SS, et al. Single-stage VASER-assisted liposuction and lymphatico-venous anastomoses for the treatment of extremity lymphedema: a case series and systematic review of the literature. Gland Surg 2020;9(02):545-557 https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2020.01.13
- Forte AJ, Huayllani MT, Boczar D, Ciudad P, Manrique O. Lipoaspiration and lymph node transfer for treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review. Cureus 2019;11(11):e6096
- Brazio PS, Nguyen DH. Combined liposuction and physiologic treatment achieves durable limb volume normalization in class IIIII lymphedema: a treatment algorithm to optimize outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2021;86(5S, Suppl 3)S384-S389 https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002695
- Scaglioni MF, Fontein DBY, Arvanitakis M, Giovanoli P. Systematic review of lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) for the treatment of lymphedema. Microsurgery 2017;37(08):947-953 https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.30246
- Tang NSJ, Ramakrishnan A, Shayan R. Quality-of-life outcomes after operative management of primary and secondary lymphoedema: a systematic review. ANZ J Surg 2021;91(12):2624-2636 https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.16764
- Fallahian F, Tadisina KK, Xu KY. Efficacy of microsurgical treatment of primary lymphedema: a systematic review. Ann Plast Surg 2022;88(02):195-199 https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002862
- Kong X, Du J, Du X, Cong X, Zhao Q. A meta-analysis of 37 studies on the effectiveness of microsurgical techniques for lymphedema. Ann Vasc Surg 2022;86:440-451.e6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2022.04.038