Animal Bioscience

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of processing techniques on energy content and amino acid digestibility in corn germ meal fed to growing pigs

  • Jinbiao Zhao (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Zhaoyu Liu (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Xiaoming Song (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Meiyu Yang (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Zhongchao Li (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Ling Liu (State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2024.08.17
  • Accepted : 2024.11.25
  • Published : 2025.05.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The study was conducted to determine energy contents, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) in corn germ meals (CGM) produced by processing technologies of wet milling (CGM-CV1 and CGM-CV2), heating-dried CGM with steep liquor (CGMSL-DH) and dried using indirect heat (CGMSL-IH), corn germ expellers (CGE) and dry-grind processing method (CGM-DG). Methods: In Exp. 1, forty-two crossbred male barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 51.2±4.5 kg were assigned to 1 of 7 diets in a randomized complete block design. In Exp. 2, seven cannulating barrows with an initial BW of 35.3±1.3 kg were assigned to 7 diets in each period according to a Latin square design. Each diet included 6 replicates. Results: The ATTD of acid detergent fiber and gross energy (GE), and SID of most AA, except for tryptophan (Trp) and cysteine (Cys), in CGMSL-IH was greater (p<0.05) than those in CGM-CV2. The ATTD of organic matter (OM), crude protein and GE, and SID of most AA, except for arginine (Arg), histidine (His), lysine (Lys) and tyrosine (Tyr), in CGMSL-DH was greater (p<0.05) than those in CGM-CV1 for pigs. The ATTD of GE and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract, contents of digestible and metabolizable energy (ME), and SID of AA, except for Arg, His, Lys, Phenylalanine, Trp, Cys, glutamic acid, glycine and Tyr, in CGE were greater (p<0.05) than those in CGM-CV1. The ATTD of OM and GE, and SID of all AA in CGM-DG were greater (p<0.05) than those in CGM-CV1. Compared with the CGM-CV1, CGM-CV2 showed a greater (p<0.05) ATTD of GE and SID of some AA for growing pigs. Conclusion: Different processing technologies lead to large variations in energy contents and AA digestibility of CGM for growing pigs. The CGE contains more available energy compared with CBM-CV1, and CGMSL-DH, CGMSL-IH and CGM-DG provides more ileal digestibility of AA for growing pigs compared with the CGM-CV1 and CGM-CV2.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The study was funded by the Key R&D project of Jiangxi Province (20232BBF60010).

References

  1. Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhang S, Lai C, Ma D, Huang C. Effect of inclusion level of corn germ meal on the digestible and metabolizable energy and evaluation of ileal AA digestibility of corn germ meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2019;97:768-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky469
  2. Lyu Z, Li Y, Liu H, et al. Net energy content of rice bran, defatted rice bran, corn gluten feed, and corn germ meal fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry. J Anim Sci 2018;96: 1877-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky098
  3. Ribeiro da Costa MR, Abércio da Silva C, Bridi AM, et al. Defatted corn-germ flour as an ingredient in swine feed and a source of endogenous antioxidants in pork. Semin Cienc Agrar 2012;33:3447-56. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2012v33Supl2p3447
  4. Weber TE, Trabue SL, Ziemer CJ, Kerr BJ. Evaluation of elevated dietary corn fiber from corn germ meal in growing female pigs. J Anim Sci 2010;88:192-201. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-1896
  5. Kurambhatti CV, Kumar D, Rausch KD, Tumbleson ME, Singh V. Increasing ethanol yield through fiber conversion in corn dry grind process. Bioresour Technol 2018;270:742-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.120
  6. Sauvant D, Perez JM, Tran G. Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials: pig, poultry, sheep, goats, rabbits, horses, and fish. Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2004.
  7. Li C, Rodríguez LF, Khanna M, Spaulding AD, Lin T, Eckhoff SR. An engineering and economic evaluation of quick germquick fiber process for dry-grind ethanol facilities: model description and documentation. Bioresour Technol 2010;101: 5275-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.139
  8. Zhang R, Ma S, Li L, et al. Comprehensive utilization of corn starch processing by-products: a review. Grain Oil Sci Technol 2021;4:89-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2021.08.003
  9. Liu Y, Song M, Almeida FN, Tilton SL, Cecava MJ, Stein HH. Energy concentration and amino acid digestibility in corn and corn coproducts from the wet-milling industry fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2014;92:4557-65. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-6747
  10. Rojas OJ, Liu Y, Stein HH. Phosphorus digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn, corn coproducts, and bakery meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2013;91:5326-35. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6324
  11. Almeida FN, Petersen GI, Stein HH. Digestibility of amino acids in corn, corn coproducts, and bakery meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2011;89:4109-15. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4143
  12. Archer Daniels Midland. Feed ingredients catalog. ADM Company; 2008.
  13. National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. National Academics Press; 2012.
  14. Adeola O. Digestion and balance techniques in pigs. In: Lewis AJ, Southern LL, editors. Swine nutrition. 2nd ed. CRC Press; 2001. pp. 903-16.
  15. Lyu Z, Chen Y, Wang F, Liu L, Zhang S, Lai C. Net energy and its establishment of prediction equations for wheat bran in growing pigs. Anim Biosci 2023;36:108-18. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.22.0001
  16. Stein HH, Sève B, Fulle MF, Moughan PJ, de Lange CFM. Invited review: amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: terminology and application. J Anim Sci 2007;85:172-80. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-742
  17. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. AOAC International; 2007.
  18. Jacobs BM, Patience JF, Dozier WA 3rd, Stalder KJ, Kerr BJ. Effects of drying methods on nitrogen and energy concentrations in pig feces and urine, and poultry excreta. J Anim Sci 2011;89:2624-30. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3768
  19. Shi M, Liu Z, Wang H, et al. Determination and prediction of the digestible and metabolizable energy contents of corn germ meal in growing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019;32:405-12. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0891
  20. Qing O, Li R, Feng G, et al. Determination and prediction of amino acid digestibility in brown rice for growing-finishing pigs. Anim Biosci 2024;37:1474-82. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0455
  21. Pérez OE, Haros M, Suarez C. Corn steeping: influence of time and lactic acid on isolation and thermal properties of starch. J Food Eng 2001;48:251-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00165-5
  22. Hugman J, Wang LF, Beltranena E, Htoo JK, Zijlstra RT. Nutrient digestibility of heat-processed field pea in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021;274:114891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114891
  23. Li Z, Wang X, Guo P, et al. Prediction of digestible and metabolisable energy in soybean meals produced from soybeans of different origins fed to growing pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:473-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2015.1095461
  24. Li Z, Wang Q, Xie F, et al. Oligosaccharides are a key factor in prediction of amino acid digestibility in soybean meal of different origins when fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2017;30:1724-32. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0086
  25. Kil DY, Sauber TE, Jones DB, Stein HH. Effect of the form of dietary fat and the concentration of dietary neutral detergent fiber on ileal and total tract endogenous losses and apparent and true digestibility of fat by growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2959-67. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2216
  26. Kim BG, Kil DY, Stein HH. In growing pigs, the true ileal and total tract digestibility of acid hydrolyzed ether extract in extracted corn oil is greater than in intact sources of corn oil or soybean oil. J Anim Sci 2013;91:755-63. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4777
  27. Urriola PE, Stein HH. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles on amino acid, energy, and fiber digestibility and on hindgut fermentation of dietary fiber in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2010;88:1454-62. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2162
  28. Anderson PV, Kerr BJ, Weber TE, Ziemer CJ, Shurson GC. Determination and prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy from chemical analysis of corn coproducts fed to finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2012;90:1242-54. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3605
  29. Zhao J, Zhang S, Xie F, Li D, Huang C. Effects of inclusion level and adaptation period on nutrient digestibility and digestible energy of wheat bran in growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018;31:116-22. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0277
  30. Gutierrez NA, Kerr BJ, Patience JF. Effect of insoluble-low fermentable fiber from corn-ethanol distillation origin on energy, fiber, and amino acid digestibility, hindgut degradability of fiber, and growth performance of pigs. J Anim Sci 2013;91: 5314-25. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6328
  31. Zhao J, Zhang G, Dong W, et al. Effects of dietary particle size and fiber source on nutrient digestibility and short chain fatty acid production in cannulated growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019;258:114310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114310
  32. Zhao J, Tang S, Zhou X, Dong W, Zhang S, Huang C. Determination of chemical composition, energy content, and amino acid digestibility in different wheat cultivars fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2019;97:714-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky431
  33. Ravindran V. Feed-induced specific ileal endogenous amino acid losses: measurement and significance in the protein nutrition of monogastric animals. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016; 221:304-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.013
  34. Li Q, Zang J, Liu D, Piao X, Lai C, Li D. Predicting corn digestible and metabolizable energy content from its chemical composition in growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014;5: 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-5-11
  35. Li S, Ye A, Singh H. Impacts of heat-induced changes on milk protein digestibility: a review. Int Dairy J 2021;123:105160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105160
  36. Ji Y, Zuo L, Wang F, Li D, Lai C. Nutritional value of 15 corn gluten meals for growing pigs: chemical composition, energy content and amino acid digestibility. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 66:283-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2012.702466