Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Structure-soil-structure interaction effects on pounding vulnerability and force distribution between adjacent buildings

  • Karan Singhai (Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology) ;
  • Neeraj Tiwari (Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology) ;
  • Shrish Chandrawanshi (Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology)
  • Received : 2025.03.28
  • Accepted : 2025.05.19
  • Published : 2025.08.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study investigates structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) effects on foundation forces and settlements of adjacent reinforced concrete buildings under seismic loading. SAP2000 was incorporated for developing a 3D finite element model for analysing two identical three-story RC frame buildings with a 50 mm seismic gap between them. The study compares three scenarios: Non-Interaction Analysis (NIA) with fixed base, Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) for a single building, and SSSI for two adjacent buildings on the same soil domain. Response spectrum analysis following IS 1893:2016 was implemented. The results show that SSSI significantly redistributes foundation forces, with reductions up to 7% in some footings and increment up to 13% in others compared to SSI conditions. Footings in alignment with adjacent buildings experience the most pronounced force amplifications. Settlement patterns under SSSI conditions show distinct asymmetry, with increment up to 15.8% under gravity loading and 7.6% under seismic loading compared to SSI conditions. These findings suggest that conventional fixed-base analysis may underestimate foundation forces and settlement values, potentially reducing effective seismic gaps and increasing pounding vulnerability. The research offers valuable insights for seismic design practices in densely populated urban environments where buildings are constructed in close proximity.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdel Raheem, S.E. (2014), "Mitigation measures for earthquake induced pounding effects on seismic performance of adjacent buildings", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12, 1705-1724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9592-2.
  2. Anagnostopoulos, S.A. (1988), "Pounding of buildings in series during earthquakes", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 16(3), 443-456. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160311.
  3. Anand, V. and Kumar, S.S. (2018), "Seismic soil-structure interaction: A state-of-the-art review", Struct., 16, 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISTRUC.2018.10.009.
  4. Asteris, P.G., Cotsovos, D.M., Chrysostomou, C.Z., Mohebkhah, A. and Al-Chaar, G.K. (2013), "Mathematical micromodeling of infilled frames: State of the art", Eng. Struct., 56, 1905-1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.010.
  5. Cayci, B.T. and Akpinar, M. (2021), "Seismic pounding effects on typical building structures considering soil-structure interaction", Struct., 34, 1858-1871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.08.133.
  6. Chandrawanshi, S. and Garg, V. (2024), "Numerical investigations of structure-soil-structure interaction on footing forces due to adjacent building", Earthq. Struct., 26(6), 477-487. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2024.26.6.477.
  7. Charleson, A. and Southcombe, M. (2017), "Strategies for the seismic upgrading of pairs of buildings in a historic precinct", Bull. New Zealand Soc. Earthq. Eng., 50(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.1.50-58.
  8. Chouw, N. and Hao, H. (2005), "Study of SSI and non-uniform ground motion effect on pounding between bridge girders", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 25(7-10), 717-728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.015.
  9. Chouw, N. and Hao, H. (2008), "Significance of SSI and nonuniform near-fault ground motions in bridge response I: Effect on response with conventional expansion joint", Eng. Struct., 30(1), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.03.002.
  10. Cole, G., Dhakal, R., Carr, A. and Bull, D. (2010), "Interbuilding pounding damage observed in the 2010 darfield earthquake", Bull. New Zealand Soc. Earthq. Eng., 43(4), 382-386. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.382-386.
  11. Cole, G.L., Dhakal, R.P. and Turner, F.M. (2012), "Building pounding damage observed in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 41(5), 893-913. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1164.
  12. Elwardany, H., Seleemah, A., Jankowski, R. and El-Khoriby, S. (2019), "Influence of soil-structure interaction on seismic pounding between steel frame buildings considering the effect of infill panels", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 17(11), 6165-6202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00713-1.
  13. Farghaly, A.A. (2017), "Seismic analysis of adjacent buildings subjected to double pounding considering soil-structure interaction", Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng., 9(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-017-0148-y.
  14. Favvata, M.J. (2017), "Minimum required separation gap for adjacent RC frames with potential inter-story seismic pounding", Eng. Struct., 152, 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2017.09.025.
  15. Fiamingo, A., Bosco, M. and Massimino, M.R. (2023), "The role of soil in structure response of a building damaged by the 26 December 2018 earthquake in Italy", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 15(4), 937-953. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRMGE.2022.06.010.
  16. Forcellini, D. (2023), "The role of soil structure interaction (SSI) on the risk of pounding between low-rise buildings", Struct., 56, 105014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105014.
  17. IS 13920:2016 (2006), Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces — Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  18. IS 1893:2016 (2016), Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  19. IS 456 :2000 (2000), Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice (Fourth Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  20. IS 875-1 (1987), Code of Practice For Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 1: Dead Loads - Unit Weights of Building Material And Stored Materials (Incorporating IS 1911:1967), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  21. IS 875-2 (1987), Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 2: Imposed Loads, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  22. Kamal, M. and Inel, M. (2022), "Simplified approaches for estimation of required seismic separation distance between adjacent reinforced concrete buildings", Eng. Struct., 252, 113610. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2021.113610.
  23. Karayannis, C.G. and Manoukas, G.E. (2024), "The influence of open-ground floors on the impact of RC columns due to seismic pounding from adjacent lower-height structures", Infrastr., 9(9), 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9090143.
  24. Karayannis, C.G. and Naoum, M.C. (2018), "Torsional behavior of multistory RC frame structures due to asymmetric seismic interaction", Eng. Struct., 163, 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.038.
  25. Kasai, K., Jeng, V., Patel, P.C., Munshi, J.A. and Maison, B.F. (1992), "Seismic pounding effects-survey and analysis", Earthquake Engineering, Tenth World Conference, Madrid, Spain, July.
  26. Li, P., Liu, S. and Lu, Z. (2017), "Studies on pounding response considering structure-soil-structure interaction under seismic loads", Sustainab., 9(12), 2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122219.
  27. Lin, J.H. (1997), "Separation distance to avoid seismic pounding of adjacent buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(3), 395-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199703)26:3<395::AID-EQE655>3.0.CO;2-F.
  28. Madani, B., Behnamfar, F. and Riahi, H.T. (2015), "Dynamic response of structures subjected to pounding and structure-soil-structure interaction", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 78, 46-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.07.002.
  29. Mahmoud, S., Abd-Elhamed, A. and Jankowski, R. (2013), "Earthquake-induced pounding between equal height multi-storey buildings considering soil-structure interaction", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 11(4), 1021-1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9411-6.
  30. Maniatakis, C.A., Spyrakos, C.C., Kiriakopoulos, P.D. and Tsellos, K.P. (2018), "Seismic response of a historic church considering pounding phenomena", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 16(7), 2913-2941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0293-5.
  31. Manoukas, G. and Karayannis, C. (2025), "Slab-to-column seismic pounding between multistorey buildings: Influence of the impact point location and the pre-existing gap size", Build., 15(4), 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040581.
  32. Miari, Mahmoud, Kokkeong Choong, and Robert Jankowski. (2019), "Seismic pounding between adjacent buildings: Identification of parameters, soil interaction issues and mitigation measures", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 121, 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.02.024.
  33. Mina, D. and Forcellini, D. (2020), "Soil-structure interaction assessment of the 23 November 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata earthquake", Geosci., 10(4), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10040152.
  34. Mylonakis, G. and Gazetas, G. (2000), "Seismic soil-structure interaction: beneficial or detrimental?", J. Earthq. Eng., 4(3), 277-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460009350372.
  35. Singhai, K. and Tiwari, N. (2024), "A state-of-the-art review on earthquake soil-structure interaction including dynamic cross interaction (DCI) and site city interactions (SCI)", Earthq. Struct., 27(5), 361-383. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2024.27.5.361.
  36. Sobhi, P. and Far, H. (2022), "Impact of structural pounding on structural behaviour of adjacent buildings considering dynamic soil-structure interaction", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 20(7), 3515-3547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01195-w.
  37. Sorrentino, L., Cattari, S., da Porto, F., Magenes, G. and Penna, A. (2019), "Seismic behaviour of ordinary masonry buildings during the 2016 Central Italy earthquakes", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 17(10), 5583-5607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0370-4.
  38. Vicencio, F., Alexander, N.A. and Flores, E.I.S. (2023), "A state-of-the-art review on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) and site-city interactions (SCI)", Struct., 56, 105002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105002.
  39. Wang, J., Guo, T. and Du, Z. (2022), "Experimental and numerical study on the influence of dynamic structure-soil-structure interaction on the responses of two adjacent idealized structural systems", J. Build. Eng., 52, 104454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104454.