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다변량 적응 회귀 스플라인(MARS) 모형을 활용한 도시 열대야 영향 요인의 비선형 상관성과 공간 범위 분석

Exploring Nonlinear Effects and Spatial Scales of Urban Form and Green Space in Tropical Nights Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS)

  • 서정석 (연세대학교 산학협력단) ;
  • 김지현 (경희대학교 생활과학대학 주거환경학과) ;
  • 박정호 (연세대학교 사회과학대학 행정학과)
  • Seo, Jungseok (Department of Public Policy and Management, College of Social Sciences, Yonsei University) ;
  • Kim, Jihyun (Department of Housing and Interior Design, College of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Park, JungHo (Department of Public Policy and Management, College of Social Sciences, Yonsei University)
  • 투고 : 2025.08.26
  • 심사 : 2025.09.17
  • 발행 : 2025.09.30

초록

2024년 여름 서울은 기록적인 폭염과 열대야가 동시에 장기간 발생하여 도시 기후 취약성이 극명하게 드러났다. 본 연구는 해당 기간을 대상으로, 다변량 적응 회귀 스플라인(MARS) 모형을 적용하여 건축 및 녹지 요인이 야간 기온에 미치는 비선형적 효과와 임계값을 규명하였다. 분석에는 서울 전역 896개 S-DoT 센서에서 관측된 실제 기온자료와 센서 주변 30-300m 다중 버퍼 내 건축 요인(평균 건물 높이, 총 건축면적), 녹지 요인(활엽수림, 침엽수림, 조경녹지, 농경지 등), 지형 요인(고도)을 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 요인별 효과는 공간 범위와 면적 비율에 따라 상이하게 나타났다. 활엽수림은 300m 반경에서 면적 비율이 약 3% 이상일 때 냉각 효과가 뚜렷하게 강화되었고, 수체는 60m 반경에서 존재 여부 자체가 임계조건으로 작동하여 소규모 수체라도 즉각적인 완화 효과를 보였다. 반대로 총 건축면적은 150m 반경에서 면적비율이 약 20%를 초과할 경우 기온 상승이 비선형적으로 가속되었으며, 건물 높이는 30m 반경에서 5m 이하에서만 뚜렷한 상승 효과를 보이다가 그 이상에서는 영향이 제한적이었다. 이는 저층(2~3층) 수준의 개발만으로도 고밀 지역에서 열대야가 심화될 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 기존 선형 중심의 도시 기후 연구가 포착하지 못한 임계값 기반의 반응과 다양한 녹지 유형별 차이를 실증적으로 제시하였으며, 고해상도 관측망과 다중 버퍼 분석을 결합해 미시적 공간 단위에서 열대야 기작을 규명했다는 점에서 학문적·정책적 의의를 가진다.

Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events such as heat waves and tropical nights, amplifying risks to urban environments. Yet the mechanisms through which built form and different types of green infrastructure affect nighttime air temperature remain poorly understood, particularly regarding nonlinear responses and spatial thresholds. This study addresses this gap by analyzing officially declared tropical nights in Seoul during the summer of 2024 using high-resolution outdoor air temperature data from 896 S-DoT sensors. A Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS) model was applied with environmental variables measured within 30-300 m buffers: building characteristics(average building height, total building area), green land-cover types(broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, landscaped green, farmland), and elevation. The results reveal threshold-dependent and scale-specific effects. Broad-leaved forests provided significant cooling once coverage exceeded ~3% within 300 m, while even minimal water bodies within 60 m produced immediate temperature reductions. In contrast, total building area above ~20% within 150 m sharply accelerated warming, and building height raised nighttime temperatures up to ~5 m, beyond which the effect plateaued. These patterns indicate that even low-rise(2-3 story) development can intensify tropical nights in dense urban areas. Overall, the study demonstrates how urban environmental factors operate through critical thresholds and across distinct spatial scales. The findings highlight the need for planning standards informed by empirical thresholds and scale-sensitive strategies, including distributed greening, form-based building controls, and sensor-based monitoring systems to support adaptive urban climate planning.

키워드

과제정보

본 연구는 정부(과학기술정보통신부) 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구(과제번호: RS-2024-00335298) 및 정부(교육부) 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구(과제번호: 2023S1A5A8077612)이고, 연세대학교 미래선도 연구사업(과제번호: 2025-22-0118)의 지원을 받았다.

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