Advances in materials Research

  • 제14권5호
  • /
  • Pages.449-465
  • /
  • 2025
  • /
  • 2234-0912(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-179X(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The role of sugarcane bagasse and TiC particle on the characteristics improvement of polymer composites

  • Bakhrul Ilmi (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU) ;
  • Suprianto (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU) ;
  • Tulus B. Sitorus (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU) ;
  • Ikhwansyah Isranuri (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU) ;
  • Taufiq B. Nur (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Almamater Kampus USU)
  • 투고 : 2025.02.14
  • 심사 : 2025.10.23
  • 발행 : 2025.10.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Polypropylene (PP) composites are widely used in structural applications. However, few studies have explored the combined reinforcement of natural fibers and ceramic particles. This study addresses that gap by investigating the effects of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) fibers and titanium carbide (TiC) particles on the mechanical and physical properties of PP composites. SCB and TiC were pre-milled for 60 minutes and incorporated into the PP matrix using reflux synthesis, followed by hot pressing at 170 ℃. The result shows that the composite containing 5 wt.% TiC and 5 wt.% SCB exhibited optimal performance, with a tensile strength of 25 MPa, flexural strength of 30 MPa, and impact strength of 10 kJ/m2 - representing significant improvements over neat PP. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an increase in crystallinity with the addition of TiC, while SEM images showed a ductile fracture morphology and uniform TiC dispersion. These findings demonstrate that dual reinforcement with SCB and TiC effectively enhances the structural performance of PP, offering a sustainable and high-performance composite material.

키워드

과제정보

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Polymer Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, as well as to the members of the Alloys and Metal Processing Research Center at Universitas Sumatera Utara.

참고문헌

  1. Airale, A.G., Carello, M., Ferraris, A. and Sisca, L. (2016), "Moisture effect on mechanical properties of polymeric composite materials", AIP Conference Proceedings, 1736, 020020. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4949595
  2. Alam, M.A., Ya, H.H., Azeem, M., Yusuf, M., Sapuan, S.M., Masood, F. (2021), "Investigating the effect of mixing time on the crystallite size and lattice strain of the AA7075/TiC composites", Materwiss Werksttech, 52, 1112-1120. https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000324
  3. Anggono, J., Sugondo, S., Sewucipto, S., Purwaningsih, H. and Henrico, S. (2017), "The use of sugarcane bagasse in PP matrix composites: A comparative study of bagasse treatment using calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide on composite strength", AIP Conference Proceedings, 1788, 030055. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968308
  4. Anidha, S., Latha, N. and Muthukkumar, M. (2019), "Reinforcement of Aramid fiber with bagasse epoxy bio-degradable composite: investigations on mechanical properties and surface morphology", J. Mater. Res. Techn., 8, 3198-3212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.05.008
  5. Aprilia, N.A.S., Mulyati, S., Alam, P.N., Karmila and Ambarita, A.C. (2018), "Characterization nano crystalline cellulose from sugarcane baggase for reinforcement in polymer composites: Effect of formic acid concentrations", IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 345, 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/345/1/012033
  6. Arshad, M.N., Mohit, H., Sanjay, M.R., Siengchin, S., Khan, A., Alotaibi, M.M., Asiri, A.M., Rub, M.A. (2021), "Effect of coir fiber and TiC nanoparticles on basalt fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites: physico-mechanical characteristics", Cellulose, 28, 3451-3471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03752-7
  7. ASTM D790-03 (2017), Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  8. ASTM D638-22 (2022), Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  9. ASTM D256-10 (2023), Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic, ASTM international, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  10. Caliari, Í.P., Barbosa, M.H.P., Ferreira, S.O. and Teófilo, R.F. (2017), "Estimation of cellulose crystallinity of sugarcane biomass using near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis methods", Carbohydr. Polym., 158, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.005
  11. Chandel, V., Biswas, D., Roy, S., Vaidya, D., Verma, A. and Gupta, A. (2022), "Current advancements in pectin: extraction, properties and multifunctional applications", Foods, 11, 2683. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172683
  12. Chelliah, A. (2019), "Mechanical properties and abrasive wear of different weight percentage of tic filled basalt fabric reinforced epoxy composites", Mater. Res., 22. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2018-0431
  13. Chen, X., Liang, J., Liao, P., Huang, W., He, J. and Chen, J. (2021), "Effect of process parameters and raw material characteristics on the physical and mechanical quality of sugarcane bagasse pellets", Biomass Bioenerg., 154, 106242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106242
  14. Correa-Aguirre, J.P., Luna-Vera, F., Caicedo, C., Vera-Mondragón, B. and Hidalgo-Salazar, M.A. (2020), "The effects of reprocessing and fiber treatments on the properties of polypropylene-sugarcane bagasse biocomposites", Polymers, 12, 1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071440
  15. Cozzoli, P.D., Kornowski, A. and Weller, H. (2003), "Low-temperature synthesis of soluble and processable organic-capped anatase TiO2 nanorods", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 14539-14548. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja036505h
  16. Devadiga, D.G., Bhat, K.S. and Mahesha, G. (2020), "Sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforced composites: Recent advances and applications", Cogent Eng., 7, 1823159. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1823159
  17. Dogra, V., Kishore, C., Verma, A., Rana, A.K., Gaur, A. (2021). "Fabrication and experimental testing of hybrid composite material having biodegradable bagasse fiber in a modified epoxy resin: Evaluation of mechanical and morphological behavior", Appl. Sci. Eng. Prog., 14(4), 661-667. https://doi.org/10.14416/j.asep.2021.06.002
  18. Ez‐Zahraoui, S., Sabir, S., Berchane, S., Bouhfid, R., Qaiss, A.E.K., Semlali Aouragh Hassani, F. and El Achaby, M. (2023), "Toughening effect of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer on the properties of fly a sh‐reinforced polypropylene‐based composites", Polym. Compos., 44, 1534-1545. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.27186
  19. Gao, Z., Han, Q., Liu, J., Zhao, K., Yu, Y., Feng, Y. and Han, S. (2023), "Dispersion of carbon nanotubes improved by ball milling to prepare functional epoxy nanocomposites", Coatings, 13, 649. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030649
  20. George, J. and Bhattacharyya, D. (2021), "Biocarbon reinforced polypropylene composite: An investigation of mechanical and filler behavior through advanced dynamic atomic force microscopy and X-ray micro-CT", Express Polym. Lett., 15, 224-235. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2021.20
  21. Jayasinghe, J.M.A.R.B., De Silva, R.T., de Silva, K.M.N., de Silva, R.M., Silva, V.A. (2020), "Titanium carbide ceramic nanocrystals to enhance the physicochemical properties of natural rubber composites", RSC Adv, 10, 19290-19299. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA01943G
  22. Junaedi, H., Baig, M., Dawood, A., Albahkali, E. and Almajid, A. (2020), "Mechanical and physical properties of short carbon fiber and nanofiller-reinforced polypropylene hybrid nanocomposites, Polymers, 12, 2851. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122851
  23. Kathiresan, M. and Sivaraj, P. (2016), "Preparation and characterization of biodegradable sugarcane bagasse nano reinforcement for polymer composites using ball milling operation", Int. J. Polym. Anal. Character., 21, 428-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2016.1168061
  24. Karthikeyan, S., Karthikeyan, A., Jose, B.K., Marimuthu, S., Sathish, T., Murali, J.G. (2025), "Influences of titanium carbide on behaviour of jute fiber made epoxy composite for automotive usage", AIP Conference Proceedings, 3267, 020296. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0264689
  25. Khor, K.Z., Yeoh, C.K., Teh, P.L., Mathanesh, T. and Wong, W.C. (2024), "Physical and electrical properties of PLA-carbon composites", Adv. Mater. Res., 13(3), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2024.13.3.211
  26. Kiss, P., Stadlbauer, W., Burgstaller, C. and Archodoulaki, V.M. (2020), "Development of high-performance glass fibre-polypropylene composite laminates: Effect of fibre sizing type and coupling agent concentration on mechanical properties", Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 138, 106056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106056
  27. Kultayeva, S. (2024), "Mechanical properties of porous silicon carbide ceramics: A review", Bull. Kazakh Lead. Academy Architkulect. Constr., 92, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.51488/1680-080X/2024.2-08
  28. Lila, M.K., Singhal, A., Banwait, S.S. and Singh, I. (2018), "A recyclability study of bagasse fiber reinforced polypropylene composites", Polym. Degrad Stab., 152, 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.001
  29. Lyutyy, P., Bekhta, P., Protsyk, Y. and Gryc, V. (2024), "Hot-pressing process of flat-pressed wood-polymer composites: theory and experiment", Polymers, 16, 2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16202931
  30. Maziarz, W., Bobrowski, P., Wójcik, A., Bigos, A., Szymański, Ł., Kurtyka, P., Rylko, N., Olejnik, E. (2020), "Microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ cast aluminum based composites reinforced with TiC nano-particles", Mater. Sci. Forum, 985, 211-217. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.985.211
  31. Md Shah, A.U., Sultan, M.T. and Jawaid, M. (2021), "Sandwich-structured bamboo powder/glass fibre-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites - Mechanical performance in static and dynamic evaluations", J. Sandw. Struct. Mater., 23, 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099636218822740
  32. Mohit, H. and Arul Mozhi Selvan, V. (2018). A comprehensive review on surface modification, structure interface and bonding mechanism of plant cellulose fiber reinforced polymer-based composites. Compos. Interfaces, 25, 629-667. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2018.1444832
  33. Mokhena, T.C., Mochane, M.J., Motaung, T.E., Linganiso, L.Z., Thekisoe, O.M. and Songca, S.P. (2018), "Sugarcane Bagasse and Cellulose Polymer Composites, in: Sugarcane - Technology and Research", InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71497
  34. Monroy Vázquez, F., González Uribe, E., García Enríquez, S., Fernández-Escamilla, V., González Núñez, R., Canche Escamilla, G. and Moscoso Sanchez, F. (2022), "Influence of pretreated sugarcane bagasse fiber by steam explosion, soaking with caustic soda, and addition of coupling agent into polylactic acid biocomposites", J. Compos. Mater., 56, 4621-4633. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983221136225
  35. Motaung, T.E., Linganiso, L.Z., John, M. and Anandjiwala, R.D. (2015), "The Effect of Silane Treated Sugar Cane Bagasse on Mechanical, Thermal and Crystallization Studies of Recycled Polypropylene", Mater. Sci. and Appl., 6, 724-733. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.68074
  36. Mustaffa, W.A., Ayob, A., Zainal, M. and Santiagoo, R. (2017), "Mechanical properties and chemical reaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane of polypropylene, recycle acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and sugarcane bagasse composites", Int. J. Microstruct. Mater. Proper., 12, 55. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMMP.2017.10008649
  37. Nadhari, W.N.A.W., Karim, N.A., Boon, J.G., Salleh, K.M., Mustapha, A., Hashim, R., Sulaiman, O. and Azni, M.E. (2020), "Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarium L.) bagasse binderless particleboard: Effect of hot-pressing time study", Mater. Today Proc., 31, 313-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.016
  38. Ndengue, M.J., Ayissi, M.Z., Noah, P.M.A., Ebanda, F.B. and Ateba, A. (2021), "Implementation and evaluation of certain properties of a polymer matrix composite material reinforced by fibrous residues of saccharum officinarum in view of an applicability orientation", J. Miner. Mater. Character. Eng., 9, 206-225. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2021.92015
  39. Nemoto, S., Ueno, T., Watthanaphanit, A., Hieda, J. and Saito, N. (2017), "Crystallinity and surface state of cellulose in wet ball‐milling process," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 134. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44903
  40. Oliveira, A.G.F. de, Gomes, U.U., Lima, H.D. de, and Lima, M.J.S. (2019), "Obtaining composites powders of Al2 O3 / Ni and Al2 O3 / Nb by mechanical alloying", Mater. Res., 22. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2019-0299
  41. Pamudji, G., Haryanto, Y., Hu, H.T., Asriani, F. and Nugroho, L. (2021), "The flexural behavior of RC beams with sand-coated polypropylene waste coarse aggregate at different w/c ratios", Adv. Mater. Res., 10, 313-329. https://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2021.10.4.313
  42. Paukkeri, R. and Lehtinen, A. (1993), "Thermal behaviour of polypropylene fractions: 1. Influence of tacticity and molecular weight on crystallization and melting behaviour", Polymer, 34, 4075-4082. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90669-2
  43. Radhakrishnan, M., Hassan, M., Long, B., Otazu, D., Lienert, T. anderoglu, O. (2021), "Microstructures and properties of Ti/TiC composites fabricated by laser-directed energy deposition", Addit. Manuf., 46, 102198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102198
  44. Safri, S.N.A., Sultan, M.T.H., Jawaid, M. and Abdul Majid, M.S. (2019), "Analysis of dynamic mechanical, low-velocity impact and compression after impact behaviour of benzoyl treated sugar palm/glass/epoxy composites", Compos. Struct., 226, 111308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111308
  45. Sakhare, K.M., Bamane, S.R. and Borkar, S.P. (2024), "A comparative study of pine rosin and glutaraldehyde cross linker on mechanical properties of jute corn starch based biocomposite", Adv. Mater. Res., 13, 269-283. https://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2024.13.4.269
  46. Sanjay, M.R., Madhu, P., Jawaid, M., Senthamaraikannan, P., Senthil, S. and Pradeep, S. (2018), "Characterization and properties of natural fiber polymer composites: A comprehensive review", J. Clean Prod., 172, 566-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.101
  47. Shravanabelagola Nagaraja Setty, V.K., Goud, G., Peramanahalli Chikkegowda, S., Mavinkere Rangappa, S. and Siengchin, S. (2022), "Characterization of Chemically Treated Limonia Acidissima (Wood Apple) Shell Powder: Physicochemical, Thermal, and Morphological", J. Natural Fibers, 19(11), 4093-4104. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1853925
  48. Simamora, P., Simanjuntak, J., Sinulingga, K. and Laksono, A.D. (2023), "Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites with different reinforced natural fibers - A comparative study", J. Ecol. Eng., 24, 311-317. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/164757
  49. Sitotaw, Y.W., Habtu, N.G. and Van Gerven, T. (2023), "Evaluation of planetary ball milling and mild-alkaline pretreatment for enhanced fermentable sugar production from sugarcane bagasse", Adv. Sci. Technol. Mater. Energy, 309-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33610-2_17
  50. Subramaniyan, S.P., Imam, M.A. and Prabhakar, P. (2021), "Fiber packing and morphology driven moisture diffusion mechanics in reinforced composites", Compos. B. Eng., 226, 109259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109259
  51. Subramonian, S., Ali, A., Amran, M., Sivakumar, L., Salleh, S. and Rajaizam, A. (2016), "Effect of fiber loading on the mechanical properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites", Adv. Mech. Eng., 8, https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814016664258
  52. Sun, X. and Li, Y. (2004), "Colloidal carbon spheres and their core/shell structures with noble‐metal nanoparticles", Angewandte Chemie., 116, 607-611. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200352386
  53. Suraya, S., Sulaiman, S., Nur Najmiyah, J. and Nor Imrah, Y. (2014), "Studies on tensile properties of titanium carbide (TiC) particulates composites", Adv. Mat. Res., 903, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.903.151
  54. Tebeta, R.T., Madyira, D.M. and Ngwangwa, H.M. (2024), "The experimental investigation of the effect of TiC nanoparticles on the thermal behavior and specific strength of LDPE and HDPE", Int. J. Eng. Technol., 169-173. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2024.V16.1276
  55. Vaneewari, N. and Saranya, D.V. (2023), "Effect of silane coupling agent on the mechanical steel of sugarcane baggase and polypropylene composites", Mater. Today Proc., 81, 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.579
  56. Vidakis, N., Petousis, M., Mangelis, P., Maravelakis, E., Mountakis, N., Papadakis, V., Neonaki, M. and Thomadaki, G. (2022), "Thermomechanical response of polycarbonate/aluminum nitride nanocomposites in material extrusion additive manufacturing", Mater., 15, 8806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248806
  57. Vidakis, N., Petousis, M., Michailidis, N., Nasikas, N., Papadakis, V., Argyros, A., Mountakis, N., Charou, C. and Moutsopoulou, A. (2023), "Optimizing titanium carbide (TiC) ceramic nanofiller loading in isotactic Polypropylene for MEX additive manufacturing: Mechano-thermal and rheology aspects", Mater. Today Commun., 37, 107368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107368
  58. Vossmeyer, T., Katsikas, L., Giersig, M., Popovic, I.G., Diesner, K., Chemseddine, A., Eychmueller, A. and Weller, H. (1994), "CdS Nanoclusters: Synthesis, characterization, size dependent oscillator strength, temperature shift of the excitonic transition energy, and reversible absorbance shift", J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7665-7673. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100082a044
  59. Watanabe, R., Hagihara, H. and Sato, H. (2018), "Structure−property relationships of polypropylene-based nanocomposites obtained by dispersing mesoporous silica into hydroxyl-functionalized polypropylene. Part 2: Matrix−filler interactions and pore filling of mesoporous silica characterized by evolved gas analysis", Polym. J., 50, 1067-1077. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41428-018-0096-9
  60. Wirawan, R., Sapuan, S., Yunus, R. and Abdan, K. (2012), "Density and Water Absorption of Sugarcane Bagasse-Filled Poly(vinyl chloride) Composites", Polym. Polym. Compos., 20, 659-664. https://doi.org/10.1177/096739111202000710
  61. Wnuk, M. and Iluk, A. (2017), "The Influence of Manufacturing Technology on the Mechanical Properties of Fiber Composites", Proceedimgs of the International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources-Research and Business, 589-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50938-9_61
  62. Xiong, Y., Wang, W., Ye, Z., Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Huang, J. (2024), "Fabrication and mechanical properties of TiC coated short carbon fiber reinforced Ti5Si3-TiC composites", Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 893, 146135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.146135
  63. Zafeer, Mohd.K., Prabhu, R., Rao, S., Mahesha, G. and Bhat, K.S. (2023), "Mechanical characteristics of sugarcane bagasse fibre reinforced polymer composites: A review" Cogent. Eng., 10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2023.2200903
  64. Zakaria, M.S., Musa, L., Nordin, R.M. and Halim, K.A.A. (2020), "Sugarcane bagasse reinforced polyester composites: effects of fiber surface treatment and fiber loading on the tensile and flexural properties", IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 957, 012032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/957/1/012032
  65. Zhang, H., Wang, D., Yang, B. and Möhwald, H. (2006), "Manipulation of aqueous growth of CdTe nanocrystals to fabricate colloidally stable one-dimensional nanostructures", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 10171-10180. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja061787h
  66. Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Guo, L., Fan, K., Riedel, R. and Fu, Q. (2022), "Ablation resistant ZrC coating modified by polymer-derived SiC/TiC nanocomposites for ultra-high temperature application" J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 42, 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.09.057