Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies (한국지리정보학회지)

The Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies (한국지리정보학회)
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Characteristics of Nocturnal Cold-Air Flow and Temperature Distribution based on KLAM_21 and Watershed Analysis: A Case Study of Waryongsan Mountain, Daegu

KLAM_21과 유역 분석을 활용한 야간 찬공기 유동 및 기온 분포 특성: 대구 와룡산 일대 사례연구

  • Jeong-Min SON (Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University) ;
  • Uk-Je SUNG (Dept. of Landscape Architecture Graduate School, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Ju-Hyeon Park (Dept. of Landscape Architecture Graduate School, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Jeong-Hee EUM (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Kyungpook National University)
  • 손정민 (서울대학교 환경계획연구소) ;
  • 성욱제 (경북대학교 대학원 조경학과) ;
  • 박주현 (경북대학교 대학원 조경학과) ;
  • 엄정희 (경북대학교 산림과학.조경학부 조경학전공)
  • Received : 2026.02.27
  • Accepted : 2026.03.20
  • Published : 2026.03.31
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Abstract

As heat waves and tropical nights intensify, the importance of introducing urban ventilation corridors that utilize cold and fresh air (cold-air) generated in forested areas has increased. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze the thermal characteristics of cold-air formed in forests adjacent to urban areas by comprehensively comparing watershed-scale cold-air characteristics with observed nighttime temperature variations in the area encompassing Waryongsan Mountain in Daegu, South Korea. For this purpose, satersheds and drainage networks were delineated using ArcGIS Pro Hydrology, and cold-air flow velocity, flow patterns, and layer height were simulated using the KLAM_21 model(Kaltluftabflussmodell_21) model, incorporating land cover and building characteristics. High-density nighttime air temperature observations were conducted at 80 monitoring points to compare watershed-scale temperature variations with simulated cold-air characteristics. The results showed that the study area exhibited a terrain-driven flow structure connecting northern forested areas to lower southern urban districts, and the simulated cold-air flow was generally consistent with this spatial structure. While cold-air flow velocity remained relatively stable after initial formation, cold-air layer height continuously increased during the night and accumulated along urban linear spaces such as roads and corridors. Nighttime air temperature was lower in areas adjacent to forests and gradually increased toward urbanized districts. Variations in temperature reduction among watersheds were interpreted as the combined effects of terrain conditions, continuity of flow pathways, and accumulation characteristics within urban areas. In addition, while cold-air flow velocity showed relationships with air temperature in the raw data, cold-air layer height maintained a significant negative relationship with air temperature even after controlling for temporal effects. This indicates that nighttime urban thermal conditions are more closely related to the accumulation of cold-air within urban spaces than to its flow velocity. This study is expected to provide a scientific basis for future urban ventilation-corridor planning and climate-responsive heat-environment strategies.

최근 폭염 및 열대야 현상이 심화됨에 따라 산림에서 생성되는 차고 신선한 공기(찬공기)를 활용한 바람길 도입의 중요성이 증대되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 대구광역시 와룡공원을 포함한 와룡산 일대를 대상으로 유역 단위에서 나타나는 찬공기 특성과 실제 야간 기온 변화를 통합적으로 비교·분석함으로써 도시 인접 산림에서 형성되는 찬공기의 열환경 특성을 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위하여 ArcGIS Pro Hydrology 분석을 통해 유역 및 수계를 도출하고, KLAM_21 (Kaltluftabflussmodell_21) 모형을 활용해 찬공기 풍속 및 흐름, 찬공기층 높이를 시뮬레이션하였다. 또한 대상지 내 80개 지점의 고밀도 야간 기온 관측을 수행하여 유역 단위에서의 기온 변화와 찬공기 특성을 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 대상지는 북측 산림에서 남측 저지대로 연결되는 지형 기반 유동 구조를 보였으며, 찬공기 흐름 역시 이러한 공간 구조와 전반적으로 일치하였다. 찬공기 풍속은 초기 형성 이후 비교적 안정적으로 유지된 반면, 찬공기층 높이는 야간 동안 지속적으로 증가하며 도시 내부 선형 도로 및 가로를 따라 축적되는 경향을 보였다. 야간 기온 분포는 산림 인접 지역에서 낮고 남측 시가지로 갈수록 높아지는 경향을 나타냈으며, 유역별로 찬공기 생성 규모, 유동 경로의 연결성, 도시 내부 축적 조건에 따라 기온 저감 양상이 다르게 나타났다. 또한 찬공기층 높이는 시간 효과를 제거한 이후에도 기온과 유의한 음의 관계를 유지하여, 야간 도시 열환경 변화가 찬공기 유동 속도보다 도시 공간 내 찬공기 축적 특성과 보다 밀접하게 관련되어 있음이 확인되었다. 본 연구는 향후 도시 바람길 계획 및 기후위기 대응형 열환경 전략 수립을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 연구는 산림조합중앙회 산림자원조사본부 재원의 "도시숲 모니터링 사업 개발 연구용역"과 한국연구재단에서 지원하는 "RS-2024-00354391(기후대응 도시를 위한 도시그늘 네트워크 구축 기술 및 이용자 중심의 그늘네트워크활용 기법 개발)"의 지원으로 수행되었습니다.

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