Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies (한국지리정보학회지)

The Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies (한국지리정보학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Roadkill Occurrence in Relation to Road Type and Wildlife Crossing Structure Guideline Compliance

생태통로 유형별 지침 준수 여부와 도로 유형에 따른 로드킬 발생 현황 분석

  • Seungwoo Sim (Ecological Big Data Team, National Institution of Ecology) ;
  • Kihyun Kim (Ecological Restoration Team, National Institution of Ecology) ;
  • Sehee Kim (Ecological Restoration Team, National Institution of Ecology) ;
  • Jiyoun Kim (Ecological Restoration Team, National Institution of Ecology) ;
  • Euigeun Song (Ecological Restoration Team, National Institution of Ecology)
  • 심승우 (국립생태원 생태빅데이터팀) ;
  • 김기현 (국립생태원 복원생태팀) ;
  • 김세희 (국립생태원 복원생태팀) ;
  • 김지윤 (국립생태원 복원생태팀) ;
  • 송의근 (국립생태원 복원생태팀)
  • Received : 2025.12.18
  • Accepted : 2025.12.30
  • Published : 2026.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the factors influencing roadkill frequency on the road sections within 500m radius of 495 wildlife crossings in Korea during the period from 2019 to 2023. First, we examined the relationship between combinations of wildlife structure (WCS)(overpass and underpass) and road type (expressway, national highways, etc.) and roadkill frequency. Next, we analyzed the effects of compliance with seven or six WCS management guideline items -defined according to WCS type-on roadkill frequency using two regression models. The Poisson regression analysis revealed that management guideline items significantly associated with roadkill frequency differed by WCS type. For overpass-type, higher roadkill frequencies were observed at sites where vegetation density management and installation of wildlife escape ramps were not properly implemented. In contrast, for underpass-type, higher roadkill frequencies were associated with non-compliance with guidelines related to the separation of movement paths and the installation of wildlife escape ramps. Although statistical significance decreased in the negative binomial regression analysis, the relative magnitude and direction of the effects of each guideline item on roadkill frequency remained consistent with the results of the Poisson analysis. Furthermore, cluster analysis of regression coefficients across WCS type-road type combinations indicated that underpass-type structures tended to cluster regardless of road type, whereas overpass-type structures exhibited more distinct differentiation depending on road type. These findings suggest that roadkill occurrence mechanisms vary according to compliance with specific wildlife crossing management items and road type, highlighting the need for WCS type and road type-specific strategies to effectively mitigate roadkill.

본 연구에서는 2019년부터 2023년까지 국내 495개 생태통로 반경 500m 동일 도로상에서 발생한 로드킬 빈도에 영향을 미치는 주요한 요인을 조사하였다. 먼저 생태통로 유형(육교, 터널)-도로 유형(고속도로, 국도 등) 조합과 로드킬 발생 빈도 간의 상관관계를 확인하였다. 다음으로 생태통로 유형에 따라 정의된 7개 혹은 6개의 관리 지침 항목 준수 여부가 로드킬 발생 빈도에 미치는 영향을 두 가지 회귀 모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. 포아송 회귀분석 결과 생태통로 유형에 따라 로드킬 발생에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 지침 항목이 상이하였다. 육교형에서는 식생 밀도 관리와 수로 탈출시설 설치 지침을 준수하지 않은 경우 로드킬 발생 빈도가 높았으며, 터널형에서는 보행자-야생동물 이동 동선 분리와 수로 탈출시설 설치 지침을 준수하지 않은 경우 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 음이항 회귀분석 결과 통계적 유의성이 감소하였으나, 각 지침이 로드킬 빈도에 미치는 영향의 상대적 크기는 포아송 분석 결과와 동일한 경향을 유지하였다. 이어서 생태통로 유형-도로 유형 조합에 따른 회귀계수에 대해 군집분석을 실시한 결과, 터널형은 도로 유형과 관계 없이 군집화되는 경향이 강했으며 육교형은 도로 유형에 따라 비교적 뚜렷하게 구분되는 특성이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 로드킬 발생 메커니즘이 생태통로 지침 항목별 이행 여부와 도로 유형에 따라 달라질 수 있으며, 생태통로와 도로 유형에 따른 맞춤형 로드킬 저감 전략이 필요함을 시사한다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 기후에너지환경부 및 국립생태원(NIE)의 지원으로 수행되었습니다(NIE-B-2025-05).

References

  1. Ascensão, F. and A. Mira. 2007. Factors affecting culvert use by vertebrates along two stretches of road in southern Portugal. Ecological Research 22(3):452-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0004-1.
  2. Baechli, J., S. Albanesi. and L.M. Bellis. 2021. Effectiveness of crossings as wildlife passages for mammals in the Yungas of Argentina. Journal for Nature Conservation 59:125944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125944
  3. BYUN, Y.S., J.O. KWON, J.H. KIM, M.H. SHIN and S.D. LEE. 2016. How do landscape and road barriers affect road crossing of multihabitat mammals. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies 19(3):89-101 (변예슬, 권진오, 김정환, 신문현, 이상돈. 2016. 경관과 도로침입 방어막이 범 서직지 포유류종의 도로 횡단에 미치는 영향 분석. 한국지리정보학회 19(3):89-101). https://doi.org/10.11108/kagis.2016.19.3.089
  4. Clevenger, A.P., B. Chruszcz and K. Gunson. 2001. Drainage culverts as habitat linkages and factors affecting passage by mammals. Journal of applied ecology 38(6):1340-1349. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-8901.2001.00678.x
  5. Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek 2013. Potential impacts of highway median barriers on wildlife: State of the practice and gap analysis. Environmental management 52(5):1299-1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0155-0
  6. Clevenger, A.P. 1998. Permeability of the Trans-Canada highway to wildlife in Banff National Park: importance of crossing structures and factors influencing their effectiveness. In International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation (ICOWET 1998) Florida Department of Transportation US Department of Transportation US Forest Service Defenders of Wildlife. United States, pp.109-119.
  7. Clevenger, A.P. and N. Waltho. 2000. Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation biology 14(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00099-085.x
  8. Coffin, AW. 2007. From roadkill to road ecology: a review of the ecological effects of roads. J Transp Geogr 15:396-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.11.006
  9. Denneboom, D., A. Bar-Massada and A. Shwartz. 2021. Factors affecting usage of crossing structures by wildlife-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 777:146061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146061
  10. Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34: 487-515. https://doi.org/10.1146/ecolsys.2003.34.issue-1
  11. Grilo, C., J.A Bissonette and M. Santos-Reis. 2008. Response of carnivores to existing highway culverts and underpasses: implications for road planning and mitigation. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(7):1685-1699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9374-8
  12. Gunson, K.E., G. Mountrakis and L.J. Quackenbush. 2011. Spatial wildlife-vehicle collision models: A review of current work and its application to transportation mitigation projects. Journal of environmental management 92(4):1074-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.027
  13. Hamilton, K.M., T. Bommarito and J.S. Lewis. 2024. Spatial and temporal factors influencing wildlife use of overpass crossing structures and landscape siphons along a major canal. Biological Conservation 292:110481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110481
  14. Hilbe, J.M. 2014. Modeling Count Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  15. JA, C. 1986. The effects of pipelines, roads, and traffic on the movements of caribou, Rangifer tarandus. Can Field Nat 100:218-224. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.355594
  16. Kaufman, L. and P.J. Rousseeuw. 1990. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. Wiley, New Jersey.
  17. Keller, V. and H.P. Pfister. 1997. Wildlife passages as a means of mitigating effects of habitat fragmentation by roads and railway lines. In: Habitat Fragmentation, Infrastructure and the Role of Ecological Engineering, Conference. 1995. Maastricht and The Hague, Netherlands pp.70-80.
  18. Kim, I.R., K. Kim and E. Song. 2023. An analysis of the effectiveness of mitigation measures at roadkill hotspots in South Korea. Diversity 15(12):1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15121199
  19. Kim, J.W., H.B. Lee, K.H. Kim, S.H. Kim and E.G. Song. 2024. Status of Mammals Entrapment in Open Irrigation Canals. GEO DATA 6(4):411-419 (김지윤, 이한비, 김기현, 김세희, 송의근. 2024. 개방형 수로 내 포유류 추락 현황. GEO DATA 6(4):411-419). https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0062
  20. Kim, K.H.., Kim, S.H. and Song, E.G. 2024. Analysis of Mammal Usage Relative to Compliance Rates of Wildlife Crossing Structures in South Korea. Journal of forest and environmental science 40(4):394-412.
  21. Kim, K.M., Woo, D.G., Seo, H.J., Park, T.J., Song, E.G. and Choi, T.Y. 2019. Korea Road-kill Observation System: the first case to integrate road-kill data in national scale by government 35(4):281-284.
  22. Kim, S.H. K.H. Kim, J.Y. Kim, H.B. Lee, S.M. Park and E.G. Song. 2024. The Impact of Overpass Wildlife Crossings Structure on Roadkill Incidence. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies 27(4):111-121 (김세희, 김기현, 김지윤, 이한비, 박상민, 송의근. 2024. 육교형 생태통로 유무에 따른 야생동물 로드킬 발생 현황. 한국지리정보학회 27(4):111-121).
  23. Litvaitis, J.A. and J.P. Tash. 2008. An approach toward understanding wildlife-vehicle collisions. Environmental management 42(4):688-697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9108-4
  24. Martinig, A.R. and A.A. Mclaren. 2019. Vegetated highway medians as foraging habitat for small mammals. Wildlife Society Bulletin 43(2):317-322. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.v43.2
  25. Oddone Aquino, A.G.H.E. and S.P.L. Nkomo. 2021. Spatio-temporal patterns and consequences of road kills: A review. Animals 11(3):799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030799
  26. O'Hara, R.B. and D.J. Kotze. 2010. Do not log-transform count data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1(2):118-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/mee3.2010.1.issue-2
  27. Peris, S. and J. Morales. 2004. Use of passages across a canal by wild mammals and related mortality. European Journal of Wildlife Research 50:67-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-004-0045-0
  28. R Core Team. 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
  29. Schmid, M.J., M. Örencik, J. Schmid and A. Conzelmann. 2022. Linking sports-related and socio-economic resources of retiring Olympic athletes to their subsequent vocational career. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 58(5):809-828. https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902221123881
  30. Schmidt, G.M., R.L. Lewison and H.M. Swarts. 2021. Pairing long-term population monitoring and wildlife crossing structure interaction data to evaluate road mitigation effectiveness. Biological Conservation 257:109085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109085
  31. Seo, H.J, S.H. Kim E.G. Song and C.H. Choi. 2024. Spatial Cluster Analysis and Random Forest-Based Study on the Influencing Factors of Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions Hotspots on General Highways. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies 27(4):92-110 (서현진, 김세희, 송의근, 최철현, 2024. 공간적 군집분석 및 랜덤포레스트를 이용한 국도 동물 찻길 사고 핫스팟 영향요인 연구. 한국지리정보학회 27(4):92-110).
  32. Song, E.G, K.G. Kim, S.H. Kim, H. Lee and J. Kim. 2024. A Study on the Occurrence of Racoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) Roadkill Using the Korea Roadkill Observation System. GEO DATA 6(4):430-434 (송의근, 김기현, 김세희, 이한비, 김지윤. 2024. 로드킬 정보시스템으로 수집된 너구리의 로드킬 발생 현황 연구. GEO DATA 6(4):430-434). https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0061
  33. Song, E.G., H.S. Lee, H.B. Park, D.G. Woo, T.J. Park, S.W. Chun, S.W. Sim, H.G. Cha, A.Y. Lim and T.Y. Choi. 2018. Study on crossing tendencies of birds by road type for validation of wildlife crossing structures targeting avian species. Jounal of Forest and Environmental Science 34(2):136-141.
  34. Song, EG., S.A. Heo, I.R. Kim, S.H. Kim and H.B. Lee. 2023. Investigation of Wildlife Crossing Structures in South Korea. GEO DATA 5(4):273-276 (송의 근, 허수안, 김일룡, 김세희, 이한비. 2023. 생태통로 유형별 설치 현황 조사 연구. GEO DATA 5(4):273-276). https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2023.0041
  35. Sparks Jr, J.L. and J.E. Gates. 2012. An investigation into the use of road drainage structures by wildlife in Maryland, USA. Human-Wildlife Interactions 6(2):311-326.
  36. Sparks, J.L. and J.E. Gates. 2017. Seasonal and regional animal use of drainage structures to cross under roadways. Human-Wildlife Interactions 11(2):182-191.
  37. Stephens, S.E., D.N. Koons, J.J. Rotella and D.W. Willey. 2004. Effects of habitat fragmentation on avian nesting success: a review of the evidence at multiple spatial scales. Biol Conser 115:101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00098-3
  38. Su, H., Y. Wang, Y. Yang, S. Tao and Y. Kong. 2023. An analytical framework of the factors affecting Wildlife-Vehicle collisions and barriers to movement. Sustainability 15(14):11181. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411181
  39. Tukey, J.W. 1949. Comparing individual means in the analysis of variance. Biometrics 5(2):99-114. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001913
  40. Ullman, E.L. 1956. The role of transportation and the bases for interaction. In: Man's role in changing the face of the earth (Thomas WL, ed). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp.862-880.
  41. Ver Hoef, J.M. and P.L. Boveng. 2007. Quasi-Poisson vs. negative binomial regression: How should we model overdispersed count data? Ecology 88(11):2766-2772. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0043.1
  42. Wang, Y., L. Guan, J. Chen and Y. Kong. 2018. Influences on mammals frequency of use of small bridges and culverts along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, China. Ecological Research 33(5):879-887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-018-1578-0
  43. Woo, D., Park, H., Seo, H.S., Moon, H.G., Song, E., Lim, A. and Choi, T.Y. 2018. Assessing compliance with the wildlife crossing guideline in South Korea. Journal of forest and environmental science 34(2):176-179. https://doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2018.34.2.176
  44. National Institute of Ecology. 2024. A study on enhancing habitat connectivity in the sustainable landscape. National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, Korea (국립생태원. 2024. 2024 지속가능한 국토환경 조성을 위한 생태계 연결성 강화 연구. 국립생태원).
  45. https://www.forest.go.kr. (Accessed December 10, 2025) Korea Forest Service. 2024. Forest area status. Korea Forest Service Statistics (산림청. 2024. 산림면적 현황. 산림청 통계누리).
  46. https://kosis.kr. (Accessed December 10, 2025). Ministry of Data and Statistics. 2024. Road Status. KOSIS (통계청. 2024. 도로현황. 국가통계포털).