Journal of Applied and Pure Mathematics

The Korean Society for Computational and Applied Mathematics (한국전산응용수학회)
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FACIAL AND OCCLUSAL EMBRASURES IN DENTAL AESTHETICS:A VARIABLE GOLDEN RATIO APPROACH

  • Received : 2025.11.16
  • Accepted : 2026.01.08
  • Published : 2026.03.30
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Abstract

Dental aesthetics significantly impacts both the functional and psychological aspects of oral health, influencing mastication, phonetics, gingival health, and patient self-perception. Embrasure areas on facial and occlusal surfaces are key determinants, affecting visual perception, interdental spacing, occlusal harmony, and smile aesthetics. The Golden Ratio (𝜙 ≈ 1.618) serves as a universal reference for aesthetic balance and proportionality, and patient-specific adaptations may enhance its clinical relevance. This study develops mathematical models linking embrasure areas to the Golden Ratio, using generalized weighted mean formulations to incorporate anterior, lateral, and molar dimensions. Clinical outcomes are assessed in terms of aesthetic satisfaction, functional embrasure efficiency, incisal symmetry, and occlusal uniformity, highlighting the practical applicability of proportion-based planning and patient-specific modeling. Finally, the study addresses interdisciplinary applications, demonstrating how imaging, 3D modeling, and computational tools support evidencebased, individualized dental care and pave the way for future innovations such as AI-assisted simulations.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The author extends sincere gratitude to Ataturk University, Faculty of Dentistry for providing the academic infrastructure, to Hasan Keles for his valuable contributions regarding the method and procedures, to colleagues for their feedback on the mathematical modeling approach, and finally, to the editor and reviewers for their meticulous evaluation and valuable suggestions on the work.

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