Purpose: This study evaluated the antibacterial effects of curcuma, ginger, and finger root extracts in water-soluble powder on planktonic Streptococcus mutans(S.mutans), which is known to cause dental caries, in order to confirm whether these extracts could perform as photosensitizers for the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods: This study used the strain of streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 distributed by the Korean Collection for Type Cultures of the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology. Commercial edible curcuma, ginger and finger root were used as the natural extracts for the use of photosensitizer. To extract organic solvent, 3 g of each powder was mixed in $30m{\ell}$ of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, VWR, Germany) before extraction. $1.8m{\ell}$ of the photosensitizer solution, manufactured in the concentrations of 5, 0.5, and $0.05mg/m{\ell}$, was mixed with $0.2m{\ell}$ of the S. mutans culture medium that had been cultured for 2 days. To induce the photodynamic reaction, Qraycam (AIOBIO, Seoul, Korea) equipped with 405 nm LED was used to expose light for 5 minutes to irradiate 59 nW energy for 300 seconds. Results: Compared with the case with no light, a higher photodynamic therapeutic effect was confirmed with $0.05mg/m{\ell}$ curcuma powder extract, the concentration of $0.5mg/m{\ell}$ and LED light of 405 nm wavelength (p=0.000, p=0.003). $0.05mg/m{\ell}$ of curcuma powder extract and the concentration of $0.5mg/m{\ell}$ showed 100% antibacterial effect when exposed to light, whereas the concentration of $5mg/m{\ell}$ showed 11.95% antibacterial effect. When exposed to light, $0.05mg/m{\ell}$ of ginger powder extract showed an antibacterial effect which didn't statistically decrease. The concentrations of $0.5mg/m{\ell}$ and $5mg/m{\ell}$ did not show any antibacterial effects. As a result of examining any photodynamic therapeutic effects of finger root powder extract on S. mutans, no statistically significant effect was found. Conclusion: The curcuma powder extract is expected to perform as a photosensitizer. Even though belonging to the same ginger family, ginger powder and finger root powder seem difficult to perform as photosensitizer.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare outcome of preformed stainless steel crown restorations according to depth of caries in primary molars. The study subjects consisted primary molars having dentin caries extending at least one-fourth of dentin without signs and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis. A total 295 primary molars received preformed stainless steel crown restorations without any base materials were included in this study. Survival rates were compared using a Kaplan-Meier analysis test. There was no significant difference between depth of caries and survival period in primary molars. And also there was no significant difference with or without pulp therapy. The results of this study suggest that neither the amount of caries nor pulp therapy affect the survival period of primary molars significantly. Proper restoration is more important to achieve sealing for stopping caries progression.

Korea became an aged society as of 2018, and will have plunged into a super-aged society by 2025. For the dental treatment of elderly patients, their general conditions are to be considered to make appropriate treatment plans and strategies, based on advanced knowledge of geriatric dentistry and clinical experience. In this study, the social demand for geriatric dental specialists for the treatment of the elderly of Korea is investigated by looking at their general health conditions, ADL (Activities of Daily Living), and IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), along with the review of the advanced training programs of geriatric dentistry in other countries.

The fusion is an anomalous union of two or more tooth germ at some stage in the development process resulting in a decreased number of teeth in the dental arch. Fusion is common odontogenic anomaly but triplication of primary teeth is a rare phenomenon. We report a case of a 3 - year - old girl who visited our clinic for the pain on maxillary anterior tooth. The patient was diagnosed by the fusion of a the maxillary primary right central and lateral incisor with a supernumerary tooth and caries of dentine. And then, Endodontic treatment and composite resin restoration were performed on the triple teeth. After follow-up of 6 months period, there was no marked complications.

Each college of dentistry in Korea is examining and reorganizing its own curriculum to prepare students for the practical examination of the National Dental Licensing Examination. Conducting an assessment of students' competency of communication skills with standardized patients is the first attempt for the examination. Yonsei University College of Dentistry carried out the evaluation of communication attitude, communication written exam, and communication skills practice with standardized patients for Third year predoctoral students. The purpose of this study is a) to find out the relationship between the variables measured in communication skills education and b) to make a new basis for the application of communication education and evaluation in dentistry. Based on the results of the study, the following suggestions for the operation of a dental communication curriculum can be drawn: First, the communication classes and the practice with standardized patients should be based on the wide support of the school. In addition, the patient-dentist interaction (PDI) should be practiced in the same way as practically possible by predoctoral students. Moreover, a space is required to allow predoctoral students to practice PDI. Second, the communication score given by the standardized patients was the most influential on the total score of PDI. This indicates that the communication practice with the standardized patients for the practical examination of the National Dental Licensing Examination is a meaningful process in the course of its communication education.

Antiplatelet agent is administered to the patients who have ischemic heart disease, transient cerebral infarction, as well as hypertension, etc. Antiplatelet agent prevents thromboembolism by inhibition of platelet aggregation by various mechanism. Due to that reason, patient who administered antiplatelet agent has bleeding tendency. Surgeon does not want to make a complication by bleeding during and after operation, and want to stop taking antiplatelet agent. However, It is very dangerous for the patient to stop antiplatelet agent. Local bleeding as a complication after operation is considered minor one, whereas thromboembolism is life threatening serious complication. Most dental intervention can be performed without withdrawal of antiplatelet agent. Dental intervention should be limited area, and surgeon should do active bleeding control.

The vitamin K antagonist (VKA), cumadin, or warfarin, is the only antithrombotic drug that can be orally administered and has excellent effective for decades. However, it is cumbersome to periodically inspect the prothrombin time (PT) order to maintain adequate concentrations that do not cause bleeding, takes a few days to indicate therapeutic effects, gets affected by several factors such as food and drugs etc, and narrow in the therapeutic range. Although recently in development, the non-vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants(NOACs) exhibit a rapid onset of action and have relatively short half- lives compared to Coumadin. Because of these pharmacokinetic properties, it is possible to modify an individual's anticoagulation status quite rapidly, minimizing the period where the anticoagulation activity is therapeutically suboptimal. And the short half -lives of these drug allow for the relatively rapid reduction of their anticoagulation effects. There are currently no published clinical trials specifically assessing the bleeding risks associated with dental procedures for patients taking the NOACs. It is not necessary to interrupt NOAC medication for dental procedures that are likely to cause bleeding, but which have a low risk of bleeding complications. Because the bleeding risk for these procedures is considered to be low, the balance of effects is in favour of continuing the NOAC treatment without modification, to avoid increasing the risk of a thromboembolic event. The patients should be advised to miss(apixaban or dabigatran) or delay(rivaroxaban) a dose of their NOAC prior to dental procedures that are likely to cause bleeding and which have a higher risk of bleeding complications. Because the risk of bleeding complications for these procedures is considered to be higher, the balance effects is in favour of missing or delaying the pretreatment NOAC dose. The interruption is only for a short time to minimize the effect on thromboembolic risk.

Warfarin is an anticoagulant involved in the production of vitamin K dependent blood clotting factors. Dentists should be familiar with the appropriate assessment methods and considerations for the treatment of patients taking warfarin. Dental surgery with the moderate risk of bleeding can be performed without stopping the drug through preoperative examination of the INR(international normalized ratio) value and evaluation. When performing a surgery with a high risk of bleeding, it is necessary to evaluate whether the drug can be discontinued, what the duration is, and the risk of discontinuation. Hemostasis can be obtained by local methods in most cases of postoperative bleeding in patients taking appropriately adjusted doses of warfarin.