Objectives : This study aimed to analyze the location descriptions of KI10 (Eumgok) and LR8 (Gokcheon) in classical acupuncture literature and identify the causes of discrepancies between traditional texts and modern standardized locations. Methods : We reviewed descriptions of KI10 and LR8 in 15 classical acupuncture texts from 259 CE to 1817 CE. Additionally, we examined acupoint diagrams and the Korean bronze acupuncture figure (Chimgeumdongin, 1741) to visually confirm the relative positions of these two points. The analysis focused on three key aspects: the definition of naebogol (medial condyle), the interpretation of daegeun (large tendon) and sogeun (small tendon), and needling postures including knee crease. Results : Classical texts consistently described KI10 as located 'below the large tendon and above the small tendon,' while LR8 was described as 'above the large tendon and below the small tendon,' with some textual variations over time. In acupoint diagrams from four major texts, LR8 was consistently positioned more proximally and medially than KI10. However, the Korean Chimgeumdongin showed an unusual positioning with KI10 located more proximally than LR8. Conclusions : The study identified three primary sources of interpretative differences: (1) whether naebogol refers to the medial condyle of the femur or tibia, (2) the anatomical identification of daegeun and sogeun as different muscle groups, and (3) variations in needling posture and knee crease interpretation. We propose that for accurate clinical localization, KI10's naebogol should be interpreted as the medial condyle of the tibia, while LR8's should refer to the medial epicondyle of the femur. Both points share the semitendinosus as the daegeun but differ in their sogeun: semimembranosus for KI10 and gracilis or sartorius for LR8. This analysis provides a foundation for resolving discrepancies between traditional descriptions and contemporary clinical practice.

Objectives : This study aimed to analyze individual cases where acupuncture therapy has been used to improve symptoms of Parkinson's disease and to develop a system that achieves the following objectives: (1) recommending acupuncture points used in cases with similar combinations of symptoms, and (2) suggesting frequently used acupoints for specific symptoms. Methods : We conducted a comprehensive literature search of papers published up to July 8, 2025, utilizing databases such as ScienceON, OASIS, and CNKI. Case reports on Parkinson's disease treatment were identified and compiled into a structured database. Using the Pandas, NumPy, and sklearn libraries, two algorithms were developed. In the first algorithm, the user inputs the patient's symptoms, and the algorithm finds the most similar cases, recommending the acupuncture treatments and acupoints used in those cases. In the second algorithm, the user inputs specific symptoms and acupuncture treatments, and the algorithm recommends the most frequently used acupoints for those inputs. Results : Both algorithms achieved high mean accuracy of K-fold cross validation in providing reliable recommendations. These validation results showed that the algorithms have the ability to accurately recommend acupoints and treatment methods based on Parkinson's disease symptoms. This indicates that they have potential for effective clinical application. Conclusions : The developed algorithms showed high accuracy in recommending acupuncture points and treatments based on patient symptoms, with promising results for clinical application. Future research with more diverse cases could enhance the generalizability of these recommendations. This case-based algorithmic research can make both technical and clinical contributions to the effective acupuncture treatment of Parkinson's disease, and furthermore, it holds the potential to evolve into various related platforms and studies.

Objectives : In traditional Korean medicine, osteoporosis is not viewed merely as a reduction in bone mass but is understood as a state of disharmony of the whole body, particularly with the decline in bone quality being closely associated with kidney deficiency. Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma (POR) has traditionally been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties, and based on its ability to nourish yin (陰, yīn) and generated body fluids (津液, jīn yè), it may be effective for bone disease related to yin deficiency. However, no studies have yet been reported on the anti-osteoporosis effects of POR. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of POR extract on the differentiation and function of osteoclast. Methods : To evaluate the inhibitory effect of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma water extract (W_POR) and 30% ethanol extract (Et_POR) were used. RAW 264.7 cells were co-treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and each extract, and the inhibitory effects were compared using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and TRAP activity assays. The mechanism was analyzed by Western blot and RT-PCR to examine changes in nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATc1) and cellular proto-oncogene Fos (c-Fos) expression, and RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of genes related to osteoclast fusion, differentiation and bone resorption. Results : Et_POR significantly reduced the number and size of TRAP-positive cells compared with W_POR, demonstrating a superior inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation. Et_POR suppressed the expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos at the protein and gene levels, and also reduced the expression of genes related to osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, such as TRAP, osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit d2 (Atp6v0d2), carbonic anhydrases II (CA2) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). Conclusions : These results indicate that POR effectively inhibits osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL through the NFATc1/c-Fos pathway. This suggests that POR has pharmacological potential to regulate osteoclast formation and function, and may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for bone resorption disease such as osteoporosis.

Objectives : GB30 (環跳) is a key acupoint on the Gallbladder meridian widely used for treating sciatica and lower extremity disorders. During the WHO standardization process (2004-2006), conflicting location descriptions emerged between Korea-China and Japan, resulting in two alternative expressions being recorded. This study aimed to investigate the historical background of these discrepancies through a review of classical and modern sources. Methods : We reviewed classical acupuncture texts from the Jin to Qing dynasties, analyzed meridian charts and bronze figures from Korea, China, and Japan, and examined modern textbooks published in the three countries from the 1950s to 1980s. GB30 location descriptions were compared across different periods and regions. Results : Classical texts consistently described GB30 as "在髀樞中" (at the center of the hip pivot). In meridian charts and bronze figures through the Qing dynasty, GB30 is depicted near the greater trochanter. The coordinate-based description using surface anatomical landmarks first appeared in China in the early 1960s, influenced by sciatic nerve block techniques. Korea subsequently incorporated this approach by the mid-1970s, whereas Japan largely retained traditional location at the end of the hip joint transverse crease. Conclusions : The divergence in GB30 localization reflects China's mid-20th-century shift toward coordinate-based, surface-landmark descriptions, Korea's subsequent adoption, and Japan's preservation of classical palpation methods. Future revisions of standard acupoint locations should balance the principles of "respecting history and reality," considering both classical evidence and clinical effectiveness, with individualized approaches accounting for patient body types and postures.

Objectives : This study aims to compile the contraindicated acupoints for needling and moxibustion found in Yeongsochimgugyeong and to assess the accuracy of their cited sources. Methods : A comprehensive review was conducted to identify and catalog contraindicated acupoints for needling and moxibustion in Yeongsochimgugyeong. Citation accuracy was evaluated by comparing the explanatory notes with the referenced classical texts. In cases of inaccurate citations, the correct sources were inferred through cross-referencing with other historical medical literature. Results : In Yeongsochimgugyeong, contraindications for needling and moxibustion are noted immediately after the name of each acupuncture point. A total of 27 acupoints were contraindicated for needling and 27 for moxibustion. With the exception of SP14, all contraindicated acupoints appear in the Uihakipmun. Furthermore, the rationale provided for these contraindications closely mirrors the content found in Chimgudaeseong, indicating its influence in the organization of textual evidence. Conclusions : The contraindicated acupoints listed in the Yeongsochimgugyeong largely correspond to those recorded in the Uihakipmun, and the reasoning behind these contraindications strongly reflects the influence of the Chimgudaeseong.

Objectives : Chronic wrist pain is commonly encountered in primary care, often following minor trauma (sprain or fall) or repetitive overuse (related to work, household, or sports activities). Persistent pain and weight-bearing discomfort limit everyday hand use (such as lifting, typing, and fine motor tasks) and reduce work capacity and productivity, creating personal and societal burdens. This three-case report describes short-term outcomes of ultrasound-guided polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) pharmacopuncture targeted to the radiolunate joint in such patients. Methods : Adults with ≥3 month wrist pain characterized by dorsal tenderness and inability to bear weight on the affected wrist underwent ultrasound-guided, dorsal in-plane intra-articular PDRN pharmacopuncture of the radiolunate joint (0.0035 g/ml; 2 ml per session; 27-gauge, 25 mm needle). Pain was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at each visit; joint recess filling was confirmed sonographically. The study was conducted as a retrospective three case series with IRB exemption. Results : After 3~4 sessions, all three patients showed short-term reductions in NRS scores, particularly during weight-bearing movements. Case 1 showed a decrease in NRS from 6 to 0~1 after three sessions. In Case 2, the NRS score reduced from 5 to 0~1 across four sessions. Case 3 demonstrated a similar trend, with NRS decreasing from 7 to 0~1 after three sessions. These improvements were particularly noted during weight-bearing activities. Conclusions : Ultrasound-guided radiolunate joint PDRN pharmacopuncture was associated with short-term pain reduction and improved weight-bearing in three cases. These hypothesis generating findings warrant confirmation in prospective controlled studies using standardized functional and imaging outcomes.

Objectives : Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury is a major cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain and limited motion. This case report describes symptom improvement after ultrasound-guided polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) pharmacopuncture in a patient with traumatic TFCC injury. Methods : A patient diagnosed by MRI with a peripheral TFCC tear at the ulnar styloid attachment underwent ultrasound-guided intra-articular PDRN pharmacopuncture using two approaches per session: dorsal in-plane, 1 ml and ulnar out-of-plane, 1 ml (PDRN 0.0035 g/ml; total 2 ml per session; 27 gauge, 2.5 cm needle). At each visit, pain was assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and wrist range of motion was examined. Results : After receiving four sessions of TFCC treatment, The patient's pain, as measured by NRS, gradually decreased from 5 to 0 over four sessions, with corresponding improvement in wrist mobility. Conclusions : In a patient with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-confirmed TFCC injury, ultrasound-guided, lesion-targeted PDRN pharmacopuncture was associated with meaningful pain relief. These findings suggest the clinical feasibility of precisely delivering PDRN to TFCC-adjacent compartments under ultrasound guidance. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to establish standardized protocols and to validate efficacy and safety.