This research examines the stability characteristics of lightweight, functionally graded materials (FGMs) that are specifically designed for volleyballs. The focus is on applications that enhance the aerodynamic efficiency, durability, and stability of the ball during play. The focus is on the integration of porous, micro-scale tubular structures into the FGM-based ball material to achieve an optimal balance between flexibility and impact resistance, thereby ensuring stability in the face of the high-speed, dynamic forces that are characteristic of volleyball. Utilizing the Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM) and analytical techniques, we formulate and resolve the governing stability equations under settings that replicate the pressures experienced during gaming. A framework is provided to customize material characteristics according to game dynamics and ball interaction with external elements, enhancing control, bounce consistency, and player feedback. The results indicate that FGM constructions including optimal porosity and layering provide improved durability and impact performance, hence enhancing ball stability and playability. This study examines sustainable and recyclable alternatives for FGMs, with the objective of improving the environmental advantages of sporting equipment materials. This study’s insights aid in the creation of superior volleyballs optimized for performance and durability in competitive environments.

In recent years, with the rapid development of China's infrastructure and green high-performance concrete, as well as to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the demand for green high-performance mineral admixtures is increasing. Ultra-fine composite mineral admixtures were meticulously crafted through the synergistic ultra-fine grinding of secondary fly ash and S95 mineral powder, incorporating varying ratios and a strategic quantity of grinding activator. This study delved into the fineness, specific surface area, fluidity ratio, setting time, activity index of these admixtures, the comparison with the main commercially available ultrafine powder, along with their application potential in cement and concrete. The findings underscore the remarkable performance of the admixtures, with a specific surface area reaching 780 ㎡/kg, an activity index soaring to 118%, and a fluidity ratio exceeding 112%, all exceeding the technical benchmarks set for S95 and even approaching S105 mineral powder standards. When 20% of P·O42.5 cement was substituted with the ultra-fine composite mineral admixtures, the resulting composite cement exhibited a marginal extension in setting time, a marked enhancement in mortar fluidity, and a substantial boost in compressive strength at both 3 and 28 days. Furthermore, the admixtures demonstrated exceptional versatility in concrete applications, with a maximum addition of 170 kg/㎥, constituting 45% of the total binder content. Notably, upon replacing an equivalent amount of S95 mineral powder and reducing cement dosage by 50-140 kg/㎥, the workability of the concrete was significantly improved, accompanied by an increase in compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days. Given their exceptional economic performance and multifaceted benefits, the ultra-fine composite mineral admixtures hold immense potential for widespread adoption and promotion in the construction industry.

This paper investigates the static bending behavior of simply supported functionally graded (FG) sandwich beams with 1D-FG skins and a ceramic core, referred to as SW1DC. The study focuses on beams subjected to a uniformly distributed load, considering various configurations of symmetric and non-symmetric FG sandwich beams. The skins are composed of functionally graded materials, where Young's modulus varies gradually and continuously according to a power-law distribution based on the volume fractions of the constituent materials, while the core remains purely ceramic. The behavior of these multi-type FG sandwich beams is analyzed using a novel quasi-3D high shear deformation theory. This innovative approach incorporates a unique displacement field to accurately capture the effects of transverse shear deformation, which are often significant in thick beams. The governing equilibrium equations are derived using the principle of virtual work and are solved using a Navier-type solution technique, ensuring robust and efficient computation. The numerical results include maximum dimensionless transverse deflections, as well as dimensionless axial, normal, and shear stresses, which are validated against analytical solutions and previous studies. The findings reveal that the current model provides improved accuracy and computational efficiency compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the study explores the influence of key geometrical and mechanical parameters, including beam thickness, material gradation index, and aspect ratios (length-to-width and width-to-thickness ratios), on the static bending response. The results demonstrate that the proposed quasi-3D model offers significant advantages in predicting the bending behavior of FG sandwich beams, particularly in accounting for transverse shear effects without requiring the complexity of full 3D analysis. This methodology is not only versatile but also applicable to a wide range of beam configurations, making it a valuable tool for the design and analysis of advanced FG structures. Furthermore, the study highlights how symmetric and non-symmetric configurations and material gradations can be optimized to achieve desired performance characteristics, contributing to the development of more efficient and reliable FG sandwich beam designs.

The objective of this study is to explore the usage of artificial algorithms in developing information modeling and analyze the reactions of the participants. It should be note that all of the statistical society in this project was 56 persons. A diverse range of artificial algorithms should be chosen for this application. For this matter, the models chosen for this study are those that have shown the highest level of success. There is a pressing need to verify the proper functioning of the patterns implemented in the computer program, as well as the accurate response and modeling of the inputs and the evaluation of the optimization logic of the existing relationships in computing. This requires conducting a parallel study and presenting a validated and reliable research. The task is completed in accordance with the reported instances. The support vector machine-particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (SVM-PSO-GA), an artificial method, is used to forecast outcomes based on experimental data sets. In this study, the experimental dataset is analyzed using statistical techniques and a systematic approach. The raw data is processed through a step-by-step process that involves summarizing, coding, categorizing, and assessing validity and reliability using the KMO index, Bartlett's test, and Cronbach's alpha test. The study focuses on developing a model using CIM (Civil Information Modeling) and BIM (building information modeling) to identify and analyze the key aspects that contribute to cost reduction in metro tunnel projects. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the financial optimization of urban trains is offered, focusing on the use of Building Information Management. This approach provides a means to develop urban transportation infrastructures that are both economically robust and sustainable.

Mass concrete deposited in restrained formwork needs special precautions to control superior heat generation, resulting in thermal expansion. High-performance concrete (HPC) requires strict water-to-cement ratio control, linked to autogenous shrinkage domination. Combining those factors with unsteady formwork support may cause significant cracking damage along the span or localized at a specific area. A special case study of existing cracking on the Jogja-Bawen Highway Project was conducted to investigate the link between emerging cracks and inadequate reinforcing steel to withstand thermal and shrinkage during early-age concrete maturing. ACI 318M-14 and AASHTO LRFD Section 5.10.8 suggested additional temperature and shrinkage reinforcement to cope with the cracking risk. Simplified full-scale finite element (FE) models with various amounts of longitudinal reinforcement and configurations were carried out to reveal improved tensile strain performance of additional reinforcing steel. This study discovered the critical role of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement as an important requirement before establishing such structural designs.