• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 1993

Pharmacokinetics of aucubin, an irdoid glucoside, was compared in rats of experimental hepatic failure(EHF). EHF was induced by CCI$_{4}$ or D-galactosamine pretreatment. This work was designed to find out any differences in the pharmacokinetics of aucubin that may explain the different protective effect of aucubin on CCI$_{4}$- and galactosamine-induced EHF : aucubin reportedly protected CCI$_{4}$-inducing hepatotoxicity effectively, but did not for galactosamine-hepatotoxicity. EHF was induced by intraperitoneal injection Of CCI$_{4}$(0.9ml/kg) or galactosamine(250 mg/kg) to Wistar rats 24 hr before the pharmacokinetic study. The rats were fasted during the 24 hr. Aucubin was iv injected at a dose of 15 mg/kg and the plasma aucubin was assayed by HPLC. There were no significant differences in the pathophysiologies(body weight, liver weight, GTP, hematocrit, blood cell distrbution and plasma protein binding of aucubin) between the two EHF models except GOP which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CCI$_{4}$-than in galactosamine-EHF. On the other hand, pharmacokinetics of aucubin such as total cleatance(CL$_{t}$), distribution volume at steady-state(Vd$_{ss}$), and mean residence time(MRT) differed significantly(p<0.05) between the models : for example, CL$_{t}$ was increased two fold by CCI$_{4}$, but not by galaclosamine ; Vd$_{ss}$, in galactosamine-EHF was higher than that in CCI$_{4}$-EHF ; MRT was decreased by CCI$_{4}$, but increased conversely by galactosamine. The increase of CL$_{t}$(and decrease of MRT) in rats of CCI$_{4}$-EHF was contrary to the general expectation for the hepatic failure : most of the hepatic failures have been known to decrease CL$_{t}$ of the administered drugs. Whether the difference in the pharmacokinetics is responsible for the different protective effect of aucubin against the two EHF models is of interest. However, much more studies on biliary excretion, urinary excretion, and hepatic uptake in cellular level should be preceded before any conclusions are made on the role of different pharmacokinetics on the different pharmacology of aucubin.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.508-513
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• 1998

The hepatoprotective effect of DA-9601, a quality-controlled extract of artemisisa asiatica, on liver damage induced by acetaminophen (APAP) and carbon tetrachloride ($CCI_{4}$) was investigated by means of serum-biochemical, hepatic-biochemical, and histopathological examinations. Doses of Da-9601 (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) were administered intragastrically to each rat on three consecutive days i.e. 48 h, 24 h and 2 h before a single administration of APAP (640 mg/kg, i.p.) or $CCI_{4}$ (2 ml/kg, p.o.). Four h and 24 h after hepatotoxin treatment, the animals were sacrificed for evaluation of liver damage. Pretreatment of Da-9601 reduced the elevation of serum ALT, AST. LDH and histopathological changes such as centrilobular necrosis, vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration dose-dependently. Da-9601 also prevented APAP- and $CCI_{4}$-induced hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion and $CCI_{4}$-induced increase of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), a parameter of lipid peroxidation, in a chemically induced liver injury by complex mechanisms which involve prevention of lipid peroxidation and preservation of hepatic GSH.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of enzyme activities on male Sprague-Dawley rats intoxicated by CCI4 on IS(Godulbaegi) diets for 4 weeks. We divides into 5 diet groups which were normal diet(N), normal diet intoxicated by CCI4(NC) and 3 IS diets ; leaves diet(ILC), roots diet(IRC) and mixed diet of leaves and roots which were also injected by CCI4 3 times for 4 weeks. The activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) in serum in NC was higher than in N as we expected. The GPT activites and the values of malondial-dehyde(MDA) of IS groups were all lower than in NC, IC as lowest. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in NC was higher than in N and IS groups had values less than the values of N. Catalase showed similarity in results as above. The values of glutathione S-transferase(GST) and cytochrome P-450 in NC were lower than in N. IS groups had higher values than in NC. Godulbaegi might be important not only as one of the traditional Korean foods but also as therapeutic agent for hepatotoxicity and for shortening the recovery time in liver disease.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 1980

Poly (styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) was synthesized by free radical telomerization: the telomerization of styrene with $CCI_4$ by using AIBN as initiator followed by a second telomerization of methyl methacrylate using $CCI_3$ end group of the resulting polymer as the macrotelogen, with AIBN initiation, gave the styrene-methyl methacrylate block copolymer. The effects of the concentration of the macrotelogen, the concentration of monomer, the molecular weight of the macrotelogen, the reaction temperature and the concentration of the solvent on the formation of the block copolymer were investigated. Block copolymers containing up to 10 weight percent PMMA were obtained by adjusting the reaction conditions.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of light-curing on the immediate and delayed micro-shear bond strength (${\mu}SBS$) between yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramics and RelyX Ultimate when using Single Bond Universal (SBU). Materials and Methods: Y-TZP ceramic specimens were ground with #600-grit SiC paper. SBU was applied and RelyX Ultimate was mixed and placed on the Y-TZP surface. The specimens were divided into three groups depending on whether light curing was done after adhesive (SBU) and resin cement application: uncured after adhesive and uncured after resin cement application (UU); uncured after adhesive, but light cured after resin cement (UC); and light cured after adhesive and light cured resin cement (CC). The three groups were further divided depending on the timing of ${\mu}SBS$ testing: immediate at 24 hours (UUI, UCI, CCI) and delayed at 4 weeks (UUD, UCD, CCD). ${\mu}SBS$ was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test (P<0.05). The surface of the fractured Y-TZP specimens was analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Result: At 24 hours, ${\mu}SBS$ of UUI group ($8.60{\pm}2.06MPa$) was significantly lower than UCI group ($25.71{\pm}4.48MPa$) and CCI group ($29.54{\pm}3.62MPa$) (P<0.05). There was not any significant difference between UCI and CCI group (P>0.05). At 4 weeks, ${\mu}SBS$ of UUD group ($24.43{\pm}2.88MPa$) had significantly increased over time compared to UUI group (P<0.05). The SEM results showed mixed failure in UCI and CCI group, while UUI group showed adhesive failure. Conclusion: Light-curing of universal adhesive before or after application of RelyX Ultimate resin cement significantly improved the immediate ${\mu}SBS$ of resin cement to air-abrasion treated Y-TZP surface. After 4 weeks, the delayed ${\mu}SBS$ of the non-light curing group significantly improved to the level of light-cured groups.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1984

Experiment was conducted to know the interaction of temperature and solar radiation for spikelet formation of rice in different location. Under the Korea climatic conditions both number of spikelets and percentage of ripened grains affected yield of rice. Percentage of ripened grains was the most significant limiting factor in Tongil type rice varieties and the lower number of spikelets in japonica type varieties. The number of spikelets increased as amounts of solar radiation increased during the reproductive stage, as daily air temperature decreased from 23 to 28$^{\circ}C$, or as climatic consumption index (CCI) value decreased. CCI calculated with critical temperature of 1$0^{\circ}C$ and solar radiation was more closely correlated with the number of spikelets compared to CCI calculated with sunshine hours instead of solar radiation. CCI during the 15 days before heading was more closely related with the number of spikelets compared to CCI during the 30 days before heading.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.30A no.9
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• pp.6-13
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• 1993

In is well-known that system performance in the high speed digital radio communication system is usually deteriorted due to the frequency selective fading distortion. In this paper, bit error rate(BER) performance by the reception phase error in cellular mobile communication systems is derived and analyzed. The system is modeled as a frequency selective fast Rayleigh fading channel corrupted by additive white gaussian noise(AWGN) and co-channel interference(CCI). Our numerical results show that for the 24KBaud(48Kb/s) $\pi$/4-DQPSK operated at carrier frequency 800 MHz and C/I<20 dB, the BER will be dominated by CCI if the vehicular speed is below 100 Km/h. The results show that performance, when reception phase error is below $\pi$/12, is deterioreted less than 3 dB, and that performance, when reception phase error is above $\pi$/12, is degraded over 3 dB.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.2-14
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• 2018

Purpose: The objective of this study was to report the incidence of falls in hospitals and analyze the risk factors for falls. Methods: This study used data on 1,216 patients who experienced falls from 2015 to 2017 during their hospitalization. The data was collected from the falls incident reports and patient' electronic medical record of hospital. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and multiple Poisson regression analysis with the SAS 9.4 Results: The incidence of falls was 1.38 per 1,000 patients days (2015), 1.81 per 1,000patients days (2016) and 1.99 per 1,000patients days (2017). The incidence of injury caused by falls (level III~V) was 0.05 per 1,000patients days (2015), 0.04 per 1,000patients days (2016) and 0.06 per 1,000patients days (2017). The largest number of falls occurred during night shift (42.5%), specifically in the patients' room (70.8%), and medical unit (66.0%). Average age of fallers was 69.1 years and 61.7% of them were older than 71 years. CCI and the patient's department have statistically significant differences in injury or injury levels from falls, but the integrated nursing care services had no significant difference in injury or injury levels from falls. Conclusion: The result of this study can be used as a reference for establishing a fall prevention strategy for hospitalized patients by presenting index values such as the fall rate.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.252-259
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• 2016

Neuropathic pain is a complex state showing increased pain response with dysfunctional inhibitory neurotransmission. The TREK family, one of the two pore domain $K^+$ (K2P) channel subgroups were focused among various mechanisms of neuropathic pain. These channels influence neuronal excitability and are thought to be related in mechano/thermosensation. However, only a little is known about the expression and role of TREK-1 and TREK-2, in neuropathic pain. It is performed to know whether TREK-1 and/or 2 are positively related in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of a mouse neuropathic pain model, the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Following this purpose, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses were performed using mouse DRG of CCI model and compared to the sham surgery group. Immunofluorescence staining of isolectin-B4 (IB4) and TREK were performed. Electrophysiological recordings of single channel currents were analyzed to obtain the information about the channel. Interactions with known TREK activators were tested to confirm the expression. While both TREK-1 and TREK-2 mRNA were significantly overexpressed in DRG of CCI mice, only TREK-1 showed significant increase (~9 fold) in western blot analysis. The TREK-1-like channel recorded in DRG neurons of the CCI mouse showed similar current-voltage relationship and conductance to TREK-1. It was easily activated by low pH solution (pH 6.3), negative pressure, and riluzole. Immunofluorescence images showed the expression of TREK-1 was stronger compared to TREK-2 on IB4 positive neurons. These results suggest that modulation of the TREK-1 channel may have beneficial analgesic effects in neuropathic pain patients.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.398-406
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• 2018

Objective: Hospitalization of patients with delirium after visiting the emergency department (ED) is often required. However, the readmission risk after discharge from the ED should also be considered. This study aimed to explore whether (i) immediate hospitalization influences the readmission risk of patients with delirium; (ii) the readmission risk is affected by various risk factors; and (iii) the healthcare cost differs between groups within 28 days of the first ED visit. Methods: Using the National Health Insurance Research Database, the data of 2,780 subjects presenting with delirium at an ED visit from 2000 to 2008 were examined. The readmission risks of the groups of patients (i.e., patients who were and were not admitted within 24 hours of an ED visit) within 28 days were compared, and the effects of the severities of different comorbidities (using Charlson's comorbidity index, CCI), age, gender, diagnosis and differences in medical healthcare cost were analyzed. Results: Patients without immediate hospitalization had a higher risk of readmission within 3, 7, 14, or 28 days of discharge from the ED, especially subjects with more severe comorbidities ($CCI{\geq}3$) or older patients (${\geq}65years$). Subjects with more severe comorbidities or older subjects who were not admitted immediately also incurred a greater healthcare cost for re-hospitalization within the 28-day follow-up period. Conclusion: Patients with delirium with a higher CCI or of a greater age should be carefully considered for immediate hospitalization from ED for further examination in order to reduce the risk of re-hospitalization and cost of healthcare.