• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 1979

In order to investigate the production of aflatoxin in various conditions such as pH, moisture and temperature, 27 smaples were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus, and in addition 3 smaples were inoculated with the mixture of Aspergillus flavus and Bacillus subtilis and cultured under the conditions such as $20^{\circ}C$ and 30% moisture contents. The following results were obtained : 1) Aflatoxin production was the highest at pH 5.0 and relatively high at pH 7.0. Its production was decreased significantly when pH reached 9.0. 2) The yield of aflatoxin was shown comparatively high level at 30% moisture contens. The higher moisture contents was, the lower aflatoxin production was. 3) The highest level of aflatoxin production was at $20^{\circ}C$, and comparatively high level was at $30^{\circ}C$. However, its production was fairly low at $40^{\circ}C$. 4) The highest crude aflatoxin production was 5,093ppm $(B_1,\;1.912\;ppm;\;B_2,\;0.521\;ppm;\;G_1,\;2.119\;ppm;\;G_2,\;0.541\;ppm)$ at 30% moisture, pH 5.0 and $20^{\circ}C$ and the lowest one 2.197 ppm $(B_1,\;0.793\;ppm;\;B_2,\;0.185\;ppm;\;G_1,\;0.102\;ppm;\;G_2,\;0.381\;ppm)$ at 63% moisture, pH 9.0 and $40^{\circ}C$ 5) When Aspergillus flavus and Bacillus subilis were cultured together under the conditions such as $20^{\circ}C$ and 30% moisture, aflatoxin production was decreased by 27% comparing with the culture of Aspergillus flavus alone.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.352-356
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• 1986

합성배치인 Glucose-Salts 배지에서 인삼 saponin과 그 관련 물질이 A~$\psi$ergillusρarasiticus의 Aflatoxin 생성에 미치 는 영힘뼈 대해 검토하였다. 배양시간에 따른 균체 증식은 배양 5 일째 이후가 최대였고 Aflatoxin 생성은 배영 9 일째가 최대였다. 인상 saponin O. 05% 첨가시 율처l 증식과 Aflatoxin 생성이 대조군보다 상당량 감소되었고, 5.0% 첨가시 균체 증식은 대 조눈보다 증가하였으나 Aflatoxin 생성은 매우 감소되었다. S Saponin diol 및 triol의 농도별 첨가시 diol 0.01, 1. 0%와 triol O. 5, 1. 0%가 Aflatoxin 생성 저해에 효과적이였다. S Saponin fraction 첨 가시 fraction 1이 Aflatoxin 생성 저해에 가장 효과적 이 었고 fraction 2, 4, 6도 상당한 효과가 있었다. 핵산 관련 물질 첨 가시 Adenine, denosine, Guanosine, Caffeine, Cytosine 및 Xanthosine 첨 가꾼 오우 대조군에 비 해 Aflatoxin 생성 저해에 효과적이었으며, affeine의 경우 균체내에서만 Aflatoxin을 검출할 수 있었다. Saponin 5. 0% 챙까시 Aflatoxin 생성이 매우 저해된 반면 total lipid의 %뇨은 대조군의 10애, 균체 증식은 약 2 배 이상 증가되였다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.72-80
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• 1979

24 samples which were incoulated with Aspergillus flavus and Bcillus subtilis and cultured on the steamed soybean media under various conditions-pH, moisture and temperature were-investigated on the production of aflatoxin by the interaction of these two microorganisms. 1) The amount of aflatoxin produced by mixed cultures of Aspergillus flavus and Bacillus subtilis was decreased significantly rather than that of single cultures of Aspergillus flavus. 2) Maximum production of crude aflatoxin was 2,560 ppm $(B_1,\;0.908\;ppm;\;B_2,\;0.261\;ppm;\;G_1,\;1.162\;ppm;\;G_2,\;0.229\;ppm)$ at 30% moisture, pH 5.0 and $20^{\circ}C$, whereas minimum production was 1.107 ppm $(B_1,\;0.341\;ppm;\;B_2,\;0.104\;ppm;\;G_1,\;532\;ppm;\;G_2,\;0.130\;ppm)$ at 63% moisture, pH 9.0 and $40^{\circ}C$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2010

This study is an endeavor to evaluate the risk assessment of hazardous(aflatoxin $B_1$) in medicines from oriental medical prescription which are circulated much recently. For that, twelve globular and granule types, seven liquid types of herbal medicine were bought to compare and analyze the content of aflatoxin aflatoxin B_1), which are harmful to human body. Woo Hwang Cheong Sim Hwan of Aflatoxin $B_1$ concentration lower than the standard accepted by all the products have been detected, B company(tradition) is the concentration of $1.24\;{\mu}g/kg$, C company $1.04\;{\mu}g/kg$, A company(tradition) and B company did not detect. And the general pill of aflatoxin B1 concentration lower than the standard accepted by all the products have been detected, S-1 is the concentration of $1.8\;{\mu}g/kg$, S-2 of $1.04\;{\mu}g/kg$, S-3 of $0.88\;{\mu}g/kg$, S-4 of $9.32\l\;{\mu}g/kg$, S-6 of $7.8\;{\mu}g/kg$, S-5 did not detect. All the products eundan allowed in the concentration of aflatoxin $B_1$ levels were lower than detection, D company of $0.96\;{\mu}g/kg$, E company concentration was not detected. The liquid product of aflatoxin $B_1$ concentration was found liwer than the standard accepted by all the product, L-3 concentration of $0.8\;{\mu}g/kg$, K-4 was detected in the $1.16\;{\mu}g/kg$, L-1 and L-2 is not detected, L-5 concentration of $15\;{\mu}g/kg$, L-7 is detected as $1.08\;{\mu}g/kg$ and, L-6 was not detected.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.288-294
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• 1986

반합성 배지인 yeast extract sucrose (YES) 배지에서 인삼 saponm 및 그 관련 물질이 Aspergillus parasilicus의 AF 생성에 미치는 영향에 대해 검토하였다. 배양 시간에 따른 AF생성에 대해 검토한 결과 AF생성은 배양 9일째에 최고치을 나타내였으며 전 배양 기간을 통해 AF B1이 AFG1보다 많이 생성되었다. 배지내에 여러 농도의 인상 saponm을 첨가했을 때 모든 농도의 첨가군은 대조군보다 AF생성이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 saponin 0.05% 첨가시 균체량과 AF 생성량이 매우 감소하였고 saponin 5.0% 첨가시 균체량은 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나 AF은 전혀 생성되지 않았다. 배지내에 saponindiol 맺 triol을 놓도별로 첨가한 경우 diol 0.05, 1.0 및 triol 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 %첨가군에서 AF생성이 감소되었다. 배치내에 saponin fraction를 첨가한 경우 fraction 1, 2, 4. 5. 6은 AF 생성을 상당히 저해하였으나 fraction 3과 7은 AF 생성을 자극하였다 0.05%의 adenosine, guanosine, caffeine 및 xanthosine을 배지에 첨가한 경우 AF생성이 저해되었으나 0.05%의 adenosine 및 cv-tosine을 첨가한 갱우에는 AF생성을 증가시켰다. 5.0%의 saponine을 배지에 첨가한 경우 AF생성은 전혀 일어 나지 않은 반면 total lipid의 합성과 균쳐1량은 대조군에 비해 매우 증가하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.630-635
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• 1996

For a survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin M$_{1}$ (AFM$_{1}$) in domestic cow's milk, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, and quantitated the toxin in cow's milk. In order to produce specific antibodies AFM, conjugated to bovine serum albumin (AFM$_{1}$-BSA) and Freund's adjuvant were immunized subcutaneously to rabbits. By use of the antiserum showing the highest titer and AFB$_{1}$-HRP conjugate, we established a competitive direct ELISA (cdELISA) for AFM$_{1}$, whose detection limit was 0.003 ppb. The cross-reactivities of the antiserum against aflatoxin M$_{1}$ M$_{2}$, B$_{1}$, B$_{2}$, G$_{1}$, G$_{2}$, B$_{2a}$, and G$_{2a}$, were 100, 29.9, 25.0, 2.7, 13.0, 0.65, 0, and 0%, respectively. When the cdELISA was applied to the cow's milk spiked with AFM$_{1}$ and followed by cleanup with C$_{18}$ cartridge, the mean recovery of the assay was 104% (mean of CV, 6.4%) in the final concentration of 0.01-1 ppb (10-1, 000 ppt). When cow's milk samples gathered from markets and farms were assayed by the cdELISA, the mean concentration and SD of AFM$_{1}$ was 80.4 $\pm$ 55.0 ppt (n=64; range, 5.6-280 ppt).

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.274-279
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• 2001

일반적으로 메주나 된장 등의 한국 전통발효식품에는 Aspergillus aryzae나 A. nigar 등과 같은 곰팡이독소를 생성하지 않는 균이 주로 서식하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 때로는 A. flavus나 A. paraciticus와 같은 유해곰팡이가 오염되어 발효나 저장 중에 aflatoxin이 축적될 수 도 있다. 따라서 이들 전통발효식품에서의 aflatoxin 생성균의 검색이 이들 식품의 안전성 확보를 위해 매우 중요하다고 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 면역분석기법을 이용하여 서부경남 시판메주 및 된장에서 aflatoxin 생성균을 검색하였다. 시료로는 서부경남 9개 지역으로부터 메주 10개와 된장 20개를 수집하였고, 수집된 시료로부터 메주에서는 24개 그리고 된장에서는 22개의 Aspergillus속 균을 분리하였다. 분리균들은 SLS 배지에 접종하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 배양한 다음, 배양액을 ethyl acetate로 추출하고, DC-ELISA법으로 배양물중의 AFB$_1$을 측정하였다. 그 결과 메주로부터 분리된 균주 중에는 6균주가, 된장에서 분리된 균주에는 2균주가 AFB$_1$을 생산하는 것으로 확인되었다. 메주에서 분리된 6균주의 AFB1 생성량은 평균 54.6$\pm$38.7ng/ml 이었고, 된장에서 분리한 2균주는 평균 11.1 $\pm$ 8.6 ng/ml 의 AFB$_1$을 생산하였다. 그 중 분리균 No. M-5-4는 98.26 ng/ml의 AFB$_1$을 생산하여 가장 높은 생성능을 보였다. 아울러 TLC에 의해 aflatoxin생성능을 재확인 한 결과 DC-ELISA의 결과와 유사하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 식품의 안전성과 한국에서의 전통발효식품산업에의 HACCP 시스템 도입을 위해 발효식품에서의 유해곰팡이독소 생성균의 검색은 필요하다고 사료되는 바이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.674-680
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity, during the storage period, of animal feed and any effects on in vitro rumen digestion by supplementing different levels (5.55, 11.1, and 22.2 g/kg) of freeze dried citrus peel (FDCP) to the feed compared to untreated feed and feed treated with an antifungal agent (AA) at 0.05 g/kg. In a preservation test, feed supplemented with FDCP showed no deterioration over 21 days. Untreated feed and AA-treated feed, however, showed signs of deterioration after 16 days storage. Yellow colour and red colour, measured by spectro chromameter, decreased in the untreated and AA-treated feeds, but not in feed supplemented with FDCP. Aflatoxin was detected in untreated and AA-treated feeds at 16 days (8 ppb and 2 ppb) and 21 days (8 ppb and 4 ppb), but aflatoxin was not detected in the feed supplemented with FDCP. In a second experiment, fermentation by rumen microorganisms of FDCP (22.2 g/kg) and AA (0.05 g/kg) supplemented feeds was studied in vitro. Feeds were incubated with buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were affected by treatment, but ammonia-N, total, and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not adversely affected by treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that FDCP might be useful for inhibiting microbial growth of animal feed during storage without disrupting rumen fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.723-738
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• 2011

Contamination of agricultural crops by mycotoxins results in significant economic losses for grain producers and, when consumed, it can cause reduced growth and health in a wide range of animal species. Hundreds of mycotoxin producing molds exist, however each has a different frequency and pattern of occurrence, as well as differences in the severity of the diseases (mycotoxicoses) they cause. Among the mycotoxins considered to be major contaminates are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Although a multitude of species can be harmed by consumption of these mycotoxins, swine appear to be the most commonly affected commodity species. The swine industry can thus experience great losses due to the presence of mycotoxin contamination in feeds. Subsequently, recognition and prevention of mycotoxicoses is extremely important and dependent on adequate grain sampling and analysis methods pre-harvest, as well as effective strategies post-harvest to reduce consumption by animals. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the major mycotoxin contaminants in grains, to describe methods of analysis and prevention to reduce mycotoxicoses in swine and other animals, and finally to discuss how mycotoxins directly affect swine production.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.115-122
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• 1989

간장저장중 암모니아와 pH가 Aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$의 파괴에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. $0.05{\sim}0.5%$의 암모니아 용액에서 $AFB_1$은 $30^{\circ}C$의 저장 하루만에 완전히 파괴되었으나 이때 이 용액들은 pH가 10-11정도로 증가 되었다. $NH_3$의 농도에 따라 간장의 pH는 증가 하였지만 간장내의 완충능 때문에 다소 완만하였다. 이때 양조간장은 재래간장에서 보다 그 pH증가 정도가 더 크게 일어났다. 간장시료들과 대조군의 증류수와 20% NaCl용액의 pH를 10으로 증가 시켰을 때 $AFB_1$은 $30^{\circ}C$에서 1일 반응 후 완전히 파괴되었다. pH 5, 7, 9, 10, 11의 완충용액에서 $AFB_1$의 파괴 효과는 pH 5와 7에서는 안정하였지만 pH 9 이상에서는 첨가한 $AFB_1$을 검출할 수 없었다. 여러농도의 $NH_3(0.2-1.0%)$를 함유한 pH 7의 완충용액 에서 $AFB_1$은 $NH_3$의 농도와는 관계없이 저장기간중 안정하였으나 pH 9에서는 파괴(100%)되었다. pH 5의 간장을 $30^{\circ}C$에서 5일간 반응시켰을 때 $AFB_1$은 상당히 안정하였지만 pH 7의 간장 시료에서는 60-70%의 $AFB_1$의 파괴가 일어났으며 이때 간장의 pH는 전혀 변화가 없었다. 그러나 $AFB_1$은 pH 7의 완충용액과 0.2% $NH_3$를 함유한 완충용액에서는 5일의 저장기간중 안정하였다.