• The Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IHSS)
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.27-49
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• 2019

Mokpo is a port city located in the southwest of Korea, facing the seaside town of southern China along the West Sea, and connecting Incheon and Busan with Japan. Also, since it was a place where the rich agricultural and Fishery Products of Dadohae and Naju plain were gathered, it received the attention of Japan from the beginning, and it opened for the fourth time in Joseon in 1897 after Busan, Wonsan, and Incheon. This is also the fist Jagaehang (Jagaehang means a port that was opened in the judgment that it would benefit Korea) opened by King Gojong's decree. With the opening of the port, Mokpo developed into a modern city with the influx of people and the economy. In the process, new popular culture also came in and developed. Based on these facts, this manuscript examines the characteristics of Mokpo's open ports and analyzed the influx and development factors of trot, a representative modern pop song. Joseon did not accept the demands of Japan and established a common residence in Mokpo but did not receive the attention of other countries. As a result, only Japanese restrictive concession existed, and Korean and Japanese lived together. The population increased greatly as the Korean and Japanese who lived in Busan or Incheon, which opened port before Mokpo, moved to Mokpo. Besides, Mokpo mainly served as a port for carrying agricultural and fishery products from the surrounding area to Japan, but the economy developed deformed despite lacking a special industrial base. Economic prosperity enabled the popularization of mass media such as gramophones, and especially in the 1930s and 1940s, Lee Nan-young's <Tears of Mokpo> and <Mokpo the Harbor> became very popular nationwide. In all respect, the trot, which had a great influence from Japan, was first spread to Mokpo through Busan. It can be seen that the influence and dependency of Japan are stronger in the overall aspect of society than the characteristics of Jagaehang, which is distinguished from the previous ports opened by Mokpo as a treaty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2025

This study aims to identify the urban challenges that garden cities must address in the contemporary context, where government agencies are promoting fragmented and function-oriented garden city policies. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the multifunctional roles that garden cities must fulfill to effectively tackle these challenges. To achieve this, a perception survey was conducted with 89 experts, and the collected data were analyzed using statistical techniques, including t-tests, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), importance-performance analysis (IPA), and multiple regression analysis. The key findings of this study are as follows. First, garden cities are recognized as an effective urban model for addressing environmental issues and are expected to play a crucial role in mitigating environmental challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity loss. In particular, the increasing frequency of climate-induced extreme weather events was identified as the urban issue most closely related to garden cities. Second, experts highlighted that the 'nature' attribute should be the most critical factor in garden city policy formulation. This suggests that the development of garden city policies should prioritize the integration of eco-friendly green infrastructure that is closely linked to citizens' daily lives. Third, the essential functional elements that must be commonly considered in setting the goals and strategies of garden city policies were identified. Experts emphasized that national garden city policies should primarily focus on climate crisis adaptation and mitigation, conservation, enhancing plant and animal biodiversity, strengthening urban identity and community engagement, and fostering specialized human resources and R&D activities related to garden cities. Fourth, the relative importance of garden city functions varies by urban type. In metropolitan areas and large cities, the enhancement of mental health and the improvement of residential environments were considered key priorities. In small and medium-sized cities, improving the quality and the residential environment, enhancing urban aesthetics, and raising the public awareness of garden culture were emphasized. In new towns, expanding carbon sinks for climate crisis mitigation and promoting public health were identified as relatively more important functions. Based on these findings, future national garden city support programs should adopt differentiated policy designs that reflect the characteristics of each urban type. This approach would help maximize the multifunctionality of garden cities and contribute to sustainable urban development.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.303-324
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• 2025

The Arctic is experiencing the fastest rate of warming on Earth, leading to the rapid disappearance of sea ice and causing profound impacts on the global climate system, marine environments, and ecosystems. These changes are not merely environmental issues but complex challenges closely linked to climate change, fisheries, Arctic shipping route, resource development, and geopolitics, all of which directly affect global climate stability. This review synthesizes environmental and ecosystem changes in the western Arctic Ocean using multidisciplinary observations from the IBRV ARAON, including long-term field surveys, moorings, sediment traps, eDNA analyses, satellite data, and numerical modeling. The study provides the first evidence that Atlantification has expanded into the East Siberian region, identifying the intrusion of Atlantic-origin water as a key process that can accelerate sea-ice loss. Phytoplankton communities are shifting from diatom-dominated to small flagellate-dominated structures, and both under-ice blooms and subsurface chlorophyll maxima were found to contribute substantially to primary production. Under-ice ecosystems were also shown to play an important role in regulating carbon fluxes. In addition, previously unrecognized biogeochemical anomalies including low-oxygen and highly acidified water masses were identified for the first time in the study. This study demonstrate that increased Atlantic water inflow, enhanced freshwater inputs, and sea-ice decline are jointly intensifying ocean acidification in this study area. Overall, the findings indicate that the western Arctic Ocean is undergoing a rapid transitional phase in which its physical, chemical, and ecological systems are being transformed simultaneously. Future research should focus on advancing long-term Arctic monitoring systems, strengthening international collaborations, and enhancing data interoperability to establish a robust scientific foundation for prediction and management. Furthermore, intensive year-round observations utilizing Korea's next-generation ice-breaking research vessel will provide critical support for sustainable Arctic Ocean governance and contribute to global climate-change mitigation efforts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.75-91
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• 2025

This study explored the process of opening private gardens to the public using grounded theory. In-depth interviews were conducted with 26 garden owners, and the collected data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. A paradigmatic model of the garden-opening process was developed. The results revealed that causal conditions (policy recommendations, personal accomplishments, and expectations of support) and contextual conditions (garden characteristics, family attitudes, community atmosphere, and local government involvement) shape central phenomena (positive experiences such as attachment and pride, and ambivalent experiences such as increased visitation and fatigue due to evaluation). Intervening factors, such as local government support, garden-related networks, and individual personality, influence garden owners' strategies (e.g., switching to paid services, pre-registration, program operation and product sales, and linking with community development projects). These strategies resulted in positive outcomes for garden owners, including an expanded sense of identity, social recognition, and community solidarity. However, challenges remain: management challenges and visitor fatigue. These categories ultimately converge into the core category of "the process of publicizing private space." This suggests that garden opening should be viewed not simply as a matter of individual choice, but as a dynamic social process where private space is transformed into a public resource, a process requiring balanced coordination among garden owners. While this study has limitations in that it examines a single case study of Korea's private garden system, further analysis of similar cases both domestically and internationally could lead to meaningful research findings from the perspective of publicizing private space. Furthermore, this study is significant in that it provides data reflecting the voices of those on the ground, given the rapid growth of private gardens since their institutionalization. Examining concrete responses in the field after institutionalization will not only enable evaluation of the system but also provide valuable insights for implementing similar policies in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1973

Some experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the chemosterilant, hempa, on the biology of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L., and the transmission of the lethal factors in the progeny. One to three days old adult males were fed on the wheat grains treated with concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and $0.5\%$ of hempa water solution. The effects of the treatment on the mortality, longevity, and the performance of oviposition were examined for the Pl generation, and the hatchability and mortality in the postembryonic development were also tested in the $F_1,\;F_2,\;BC_1,\;F_3,\;and\;BC_2$ generations to analyze the inheritance of the lethal factors. The results obtained were summarized as follows. (1) The average longevity of the treated males were ranged from 26.6 to 30.4 days, and indicated no statistical differences. (2) The mortality of the treated males were ranged between $3.3\%\;and\;13.3\%$ and showed no statistical significance. (3) The overall mean number of eggs laid by a female mated to a treated male with concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.26 and $0.5\%$ were 3.78, 4.05, 3.75 and 3.61 for the respective treatments, and they were not differ significantly from those of control which were 3.60 per female per 3 day period. The unmated female laid 1.91 in the same period, and significantly differ from those in other experimental groups. (4) The overall mean hatchability of the eggs laid by the females mated with males that had been treated with various concentrations of hempa were 86.82, 64.77, 53.47, 40.33 and $24.78\%$ for the respective concentrations of 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 and $0.5\%$. The hatchability decreased with the increasing concentrations. (5) The minimum hatchabilities were obtained from the eggs laid in the period of 10-12 days after treatment, then the hatchability increased showing some recovery. The recovery seemed to be very much delayed for the males which had been treated with the greater concentrations. Such a difference in hatchability might be related with the sensitivity of the developmental stages of the sperms, and broader spectrum in the stages and severer effects seemed to be associated with the increased concentrations. (6) The overall mean of larval mortality in the $F_l$ generation were 6.55, 17.89, 27.40, 35.42 and $52.17\%$ for the respective concentrations of 0,0.0625, 0.125,0.25 and $0.5\%$. And there was a tendency to increase in the mortality with the increase of concentrations. (7) The correlation coefficients between per cent sterile eggs and larval mortality for the experimental plots of 0.125, 0.25 and $0.5\%$ treatments showed r=+0.83 and +0.85, respectively, and it seemed to be close correlation between the lethal effects on the embryonic and post-embryonic developments. (8) Since the $SC_{50}$ of the sterile eggs was $0.133\%$ and $SC_{50}$ of the larval mortality was $0.565\%$, it was considered that tile lethal factors expressed more in the egg stages than the larval stages. (9) The ratio of female to male in the $F_l$ adults showed 100 : 125, 100 : 108 and 100 : 124 for the plots of 0.125, 0.25 and $0.5\%$ treatments, respectively. And it n·as considered that the sex ratio distortions might occur with the higher concentrations. (10) When the F, males originated 1.on the eggs had been laid by p, in the period of 16-18 days after treatment, were crossed to normal females $(BC_1)$ and made sib matings $(F_2)$, the per cent sterile eggs of the $BC_1$ generation were 13.88 and $33.04\%$ , and were 31.01 and $38.73\%$ for the $F_2$generation with the plots of 0.0625 and $0.125\%$ treatment, respectively. And these seemed to be a results of the $F_1$ individuals are carrying some chromosomal aberrations (11) The larval mortality was the highest in the $F_2$ plot and followed the female backcross plot, and the least in the male backcrosses. (12) The proportions of 1st and 2nd instar larvae among the larval development at tile 17th day after oviposition were 10.98, 27.26, 32.98 and $15.73\%$ in the normal female $\times$ normal male, $F_1$ female$\times$normal male, normal $female \;\times F_1$ male and $female \;\times F_1$ male plots, respectively. It was considered that the larval development might be delayed by the treatment in the 2nd generation. (13) Per cent larval mortality and sterile eggs were greater in the $F_2$ sib mating plots $(F_3)$ than both of $F_2$ backcrosses. Therefore, it seemed that some of the recessive lethal mutations might affect in the further generations. (14) The sterility, induced by the treatment of chemosterilant, hempa, was considered as the result of the dominant lethal mutations due to chromosomal aberrations such as translocation and/or deletion. The effects of these lethal factors seemed to be inherited tip to 3rd generation after treatment.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.95-118
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of housing related to characters, objectives, and contents of FCS curricular from the 1st to 2009 revised curriculum of secondary school. The data were downloaded from the NCIC homepage(http://www.ncic.re.kr/2012. 04. 08) from the 1st(1955. 08) to 2009 revised curriculum(2012. 03) of secondary school. After examining the characters and objectives of each curriculum, contents of housing was analyzed by units and context elements of middle and high school separately. The titles of the subject, the objectives, the instructions, the leaning spheres, weekly hours, grade and gender of candidates, the emphasis of the instruction, etc. have been changed through the curriculum revision. The 6th curriculum was the main period to open to both genders, the $7^{th}$ was the period to combine with technology, the 2007 version was to change the structure of contents of home economics, and the 2009 version switched technology home economics from mandatory to optional in high school. The character of the courses was presented at the 1st curriculum, but it was left out from the $2^{nd}$ to $5^{th}$ curriculum. From the $6^{th}$ curriculum, the characters were separately given to middle and high school. The character of housing area started to appear only in high school home economics from the $7^{th}$ curriculum. The course objectives were described in all curriculum of both middle and high school. This applies to housing area as well. The course objectives have been modified in order to reflect value changes due to social issues. During each curriculum, contents of housing continued to change in context, course load, and candidates. Reflection of housing trends and social needs were the main causes of the change. 2009 version emphasizes on eco-life and sense of community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1976

This study has been made to make an observation regarding present status of the coal mine props which is desperately needed for coal production, despite of great shortage of the timber resources in this country, and investigate the effects of diffusion process on the decay resistances of the mine props as applied preservatives of Malenit and chromated zinc chloride. The results are as follows. 1. Present status of the coal mine props Total demand of coal mine props in the year of 1975 was approximately 456 thousand cubic meters. The main species used for mine props are conifer (mainly Pinus densiflora) and hardwood (mainly Quercus). Portions between them are half and half. With non fixed specification, wide varieties of timber in size and form are used. And volume of wood used per ton-of coal production shows also wide range from 0.017 cubic meter to 0.03 cubic meter. 2. Decay resistance test a) The oven dry weight decreased between untreated specimen and treated specimen has not shown any significantly, although it has shown some differences in average values between them. It may be caused by the shorter length of the test. b) The strength of compression test between untreated specimen and treated specimen has also shown the same results as shown in case of weight decrease. Reasons assumed are the same. c) The amounts of the extractives in one percent of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) between untreated and treated specimen have shown the large value in case of untreated specimen than that of treated. 3. The economical benifit between untreated and treated wood when applied in field has seen better in long term base in case of treated wood, although the primary cost of treated wood add a little bit more cost than that of the untreated wood.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.247-294
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• 1996

By means of the statistical data which has been collected with newly revised QSCC made use of the outpatient group examined at Kyung-Hee Medical Center and an open ordinary person group, the author proceeded statistical analysis for the validation study of the revised questionnaire itself. First, check the accurate discrimination rate by performing discriminant analysis on the statistical data of the patient group. And next, sought T-score by applying the norms gained in process of standadization of the open ordinary person group to the Sasang scale score of the outpatient group and investigated the distinctive feature between the subpopulations which was devided in the process of multivarite cluster analysis. The result was summarized as follows ; 1. The validity of the questionnaire was established through the fact that the accurate discrimination rate the ratio between predicted group and actual group was figured out 70.08%. 2. At the profile analysis the response to the relevant scale showed notable upward tendency in each constitutional group and therefore it seems to be pertinent in the field of constitutional discrimination. 3. In the observation of the power of expression through the profile analysis of each constitutional group the Soyang group demonstrated the most remarkable outcome, the Soeum group was the most inferior and the Taieum group revealed a sort of dual property. 4. What is called the group of seceder out of three subpopulation of each constitutional group distinguished definitely from the contrasted groups at the point of the distinctive profile feature and the content is like following description. (1) The seceder group of Soyang-in showed considerably passive disposition differently from general character of ordinary Soyang group and an appearance attracting the attention is that they demonstrated comparatively higher response at Soeum scale (2) The seceder group of Taieum-in gained low scores in general that informed the passive disposition of the group and the other way of the general property of Taieum group which showed accompanied ascension in Taiyang-Taieum scales they demonstrated sharply declined score at Taiyang scale (3) The seceder group of Soeum-in demonstrated distinctive property similar to the profile feature of Soyang group and it notifies that the passive property of Soeum group was diluted for the most part. According to the above result, the validity of newly revised questionnaire has been proven successfully and the property of seceder groups could be noticed to some degree through the profile analysis on the course of this study. The result of this study is expected to use as a research materials to produce next edition of the questionnaire and it is regarded that further inquisition about the difference between the seceder group and the contrasted group is required for the promotion of the questionnaire as it refered several times in the contents of the main discourse.