Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an individual breast-feeding promotion program to address breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice for married immigrant women. Methods: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used (experimental group=16, control group=17). The intervention consisted of 3 phases: (1) Within 2 hours of delivery - individual breast-feeding training through video/verbal/practical training education and demonstration (2) After 1~2 days - group training using video, model doll, and breast models (3) After 7 days - family visit, counseling, retraining and reinforcement training. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests with the SPSS program. Results: Married immigrant women who participated in the individual breast-feeding program scored high in knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results indicate that the individual breast-feeding program is very effective in increasing breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practicing breast feeding for married immigrant women. So, nurses are encouraged to aggressively utilize individual breast-feeding programs to help married immigrant women, who are exposed to vulnerability due to various situations.
To determine whether personal history of lactation in premenopausal women influence bone mineral density, a cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred eighty-four premenopausal women were selected from women who had been checked for bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absortiometry in lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site at general hospitals in Seoul and Pusan. They completed a questionnaire including life style factors and reproductive history. In the data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test any association between individual variables and bone mineral density and a statistical comparisons between long term lactation(>24 months) and short term lactation(<24 months) were made by one way analysis of covariance. The results were summarized as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group(>24months) and the short term lactation group(<24months). 2) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the femur neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group (>24months) and the short term lactation group (<24months). Considering these results, we suggest prospective studies that measure bone mineral density before and after, in addition to those during lactation. We also suggest the further study with premenopausal women less than 35 who have achieved peak adult bone mass.
Purpose: Many breastfeeding women have used complementary and alternative medicine, but the guideline for lactation does not exist on complementary medicine. This study is to investigate efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative medicine in breastfeeding. Methods: We searched for papers which had breastfeeding, complementary medicine, acupuncture and herb in the pubmed, scopus site and Korean journals. Results: 38 papers were found. Acupuncture could have the efficacy on hypogalatia and mastitis. Compound herb therapy had effect on hypogalactia, but none of herbs were investigated for safety all except for St John's wort. So more clinical trials about herbs would be needed. Massage and the other complementary therapies would be helpful for breastfeeding mother. Conclusion: Acupuncture could be a good treatment for hypogalactia and inflammation of the breast. For making guidelines on complementary and alternative medicine during lactation, more research will be needed.
Purpose: Regurgitation, vomiting and feeding intolerance are frequent in the neonates. Esophageal function and gastric peristalsis are not fully developed in the neonates, so we should give attention to reduce the incidence of regurgitation and vomiting after feeding. It is necessary to shorten the gastric emptying by change of feeding types and postprandial postures. Gastric emptying time was measured by ultrasound in the neonates to evaluate the effect of feeding types and postprandial postures. Method: We measured gastric antral cross sectional area along the abdominal aorta at the level of the superior mesenteric artery in longitudinal section at NPO state (4 hours after feeding), 0 and every 30 min. after feeding until the value goes below or back to the NPO state. Fifteen neonates were examined in each breast-fed and formula-fed group in supine position. Eighteen and 15 neonates were examined in supine and prone posture after formula feeding, respectively. We used 5 MHz convex prove with Aloka Echo Camera SSD-650. Result: 1) Gastric emptying time of breast-fed infants was $76.0{\pm}20.02$ min. which was significantly shorter than $96.0{\pm}20.28$ min. of formula-fed infants. 2) Gastric emptying time on postprandial prone posture was $85.0{\pm}22.43$ min. which was not significantly different from $96.0{\pm}20.28$ min. on postprandial supine posture. Conclusion: Breast feeding is strongly recommended to the neonates to shorten gastric emptying time. So we can expect to reduce the incidence of regurgitation, vomiting and feeding intolerance. The postprandial posture depends on the traditional trend which is safe and comfortable to the mothers.
Purpose: This study was done to identify that Rooming-in of new mothers have an influence on continuous breast feeding. Method: This is a comparative survey study which was done by self reported questionnaire and telephone contacts. The subjects are collected from two groups which consist of 29 in Rooming-in group and 24 in Non-Rooming in group respectively. The data were collected method of this study was lists of given to mothers while they were in the hospital and interviews by telephone were done at their home 3 months and 6 months after delivery. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1. The rates of breast feeding were 79.3% in the Rooming-in group and 41.7% in the non-Rooming in group after 3 months. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups ($X^2$=10.217, p=.009). 2. The rates of breast feeding were 69.0% in the Rooming-in group and 29.2% in the Non-Rooming-in group at 6 months. There was a statistically significant difference between the two group ($X^2$=10.310, p=.012). Conclusion: Rooming-in system provoke an increase of the breast feeding rate in new mothers and encourage them to keep breast feeding. In addition, it would be desirable that hospitals apply Rooming-in system actively and encourage new mothers to breast feed for 24 hours a day. It could be make breast feeding successful.
This study was carried out to investigate the future plan for infant feeding practice and its associated factors among university students so as to develop focus for nutritional education program for the promotion of breastfeeding. The subjects were 301 students (males 130, females 171). The results obtained were as follows. In this survey, the subjects had a basic knowledge of breastfeeding and lactation, especially of the ingredient of breastmilk. However they were not well informed about the physiology and method of breastfeeding and benefits of breastfeeding for mothers. The average scores far attitude toward breastfeeding and lactation were 3.09 points on a 4 point scale, which indicated a slightly positive attitudes toward breastfeeding. However the participants had a negative attitude toward its emotional and practical aspects. Their future plan for infant feeding was breastfeeding 40.3%, formula feeding 3.0% and mixed feeding 56.7%. A concern was that the students showed a high rate with regard to a mixed feeding plan, and Dey decided this based on an incorrect knowledge of breastfeeding. The group who planned to breastfeed in the future (BF) showed higher scores with respect to knowledge and attitudes than those who planned to formula feed or mixed feed (FF + MF). Therefore, to encourage mothers to breastfeed and support breastfeeding, breastfeeding nutritional education is urgently needed among university students. In addition, nutrition education programs should promote the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and the physiology and practical method of breastfeeding. Also a practical and culturally sensitive course about food and nutrition is recommended to inform participants about breastfeeding. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(2) : 240∼249, 2003)
This study was conducted to investigate the weaning practice of 170 infants, aged 6 to 20 months, in Sockcho city Kangwon province. Informations on the infant feeding were obtained by interviewing mothers in three different pediatric clinics located in Sockcho. In this survey 40.4% of infants were breast-fed, while 44.1% of them were bottle-fed. Among subjects 75.9% of infants began to be weaned within 6 months. Among those who finished weaning aleady, 56.7% of infants fnished weaning 11 to 13 months. Sixty percent of mothers got the nutritional knowledge on infant feeding by the aid of cook book and child care book. Fruit juice was firstly introduced as infant food. The most favorite food for infants was fruit juices which were followed by soup, and e99 Pudding. Cereals were used frequently as infant foods while meat & fish, beans and vegetables were lesser used for infants. For the improvement of nutritional states of infants. nutritional education programmes and development of infant food is needed.
This study investigated the effect of a health-related lifestyle on knowledge, attitude, control belief and behavior intention toward breast-feeding of male and female university students in order to develop a breast-feeding education program for students of childbearing age. The subjects were 445 university students (125 male and 325 female) residing in eight provinces in Korea. The overall percentage of subjects intending to breast-feed their baby was 80.7% (73.6% of males and 84.2% of females). Overall, 84.2% of the subjects had high concerns about their health status. Scores reflecting a positive attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding were significantly higher (p<0.05~p<0.001) in female students, students majoring in medicine, and higher grades. The students who scored high at attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs also had a significantly higher (p<0.001) intention to breast-feed. When we investigated the sub factors of attitudes toward breast-feeding, significantly more students taking nutrient supplements scored high for physiological factors (p<0.05) and health-related factors (p<0.01). Significantly more non-smoking and non-drinking students scored high for health-related factors (p<0.001) and physiological factors (p<0.001), respectively. The intention to breast-feed was found to be significantly higher (p<0.01) in students who did not smoke, but not with other health-related lifestyles. In summary, these results indicate that the majority of university students intend to breast-feed, with students having a positive attitude, higher knowledge, and stronger control beliefs having a higher intention to breast-feed. Although a student's health-related lifestyle affects their attitudes on the physiological and health-related aspects of breast-feeding, only smoking status had an observable connection on the intention to breast-feed. Thus, when developing breast-feeding education programs for students, we recommend efforts to enhance a favorable attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding.
The longitudinal study was done to study the effect of length of lactation on mineral content of breast milk and to find out basic data on nutritional status for infants and lactation women in Korea. Milk was collected from primiparae(n=10) and multiparae(n=6) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months postpartum. During lactation the content of total ash, calcium, phosphours decreased significantly (;<0.001), but magnesium increased significantly (p<0.001). Total ash, calcium, phosphrus and magnesium contents of breast milk per 100ml were as 0.22g, 27.25mg, 14.67mg and 2.77mg in total lactating women(n=16), respectively. These contents were not significantly different between primiparae and multiparae. A ratio of calcium to phosphorus was about 1.88:1 in breast milk and 0.50:1 in maternal dietary intake. No correlation was found between maternal dietary intake and mineral content of breast milk.
The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the determinants of mother's choice of infant feeding method on immediate postpartum period & the breast feeding practice after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5months. The subjects were 170 mothers who were delivered at 2 hospital, 2 OBGY clinics, 1 midwifery in Jinju, the data were collected from Jan. 1 to Feb. 20 of 1991, form each subject at two periods of time ; postpartum 2 or 3 days via interview, 5months via telephone interview. The results were as fellows : 1. The propotion of mother planned exclusive breast-feeding was 66.5%, milk feeding 17.6%, mixed feeding 15.9%, End 38.9% of mothers planned to breast-feed their infants for 4-6moths, 25.7% for more than 12 months. The major reasons for selection of milk feeding method were the presence of mother's job(26.7%), the conditions of breast & milk production(23.7%). 2. There were significant relations between the choice of feeding method & the presence of s job(p<.01), & parity(p<.01). 3. The percentages of subjects that were received education about the advantages & method of breast feeding were 63.5%, 38.2%, respectively, & the informants were mass media, 89.8%, 81.5%. 4. The most of mothers had the knowledge about the advantages of breast feeding. 5. The percentage of mothers that practiced breast feeding on postpartum were 75.9%. 6. The rates of breast feeding practice by duration were more than 5months, 60.5%, 1 month, 27.1%, 2-4 months. 12.3%. 7. The reasons for the stop of breast feeding were the decrease of milk volume(22.9%), the presence of mother's job(17.4%). 8. The duration of breast feeding practice were differed significantly by the presence of mother's job, type of delivery, rooming-in, planned duration of breast feeding, the first feeding time.
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