• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.96-105
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• 2022

Background: Pyrethroid insecticides account for more than 30% of the global insecticide market and are frequently used in agricultural settings and residential and public pest control among the general population. While several animal studies have suggested that exposure to pyrethroids can alter glucose homeostasis, there is only limited evidence of the association between environmental pyrethroid exposure and diabetes in humans. Objectives: This study aimed to report environmental 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) concentrations in urine and evaluate its association with the risk of diabetes in Korean adults. Methods: We analyzed data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 2 (2012~2014) and Cycle 3 (2015~2017). A total of 10,123 participants aged ≥19 years were included. Multiple logistic regressions were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes according to log-transformed urinary 3-PBA levels. We also evaluated age, sex, education, monthly income, marital status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, urinary cotinine, body mass index, and sampling season as potential effect modifiers of these associations. Results: After adjusting for all the covariates, we found significant dose-response relationships between urinary 3-PBA as quartile and the prevalence of diabetes in pooled data of KoNEHS Cycles 2 and 3. In subgroup analyses, the adverse effects of pyrethroid exposure on diabetes were significantly stronger among those aged 19~39 years (p-interaction<0.001) and those who consumed high levels of cotinine (p-interaction=0.020). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential diabetes risk of environmental exposure to pyrethroids and should be confirmed in large prospective studies in different populations in the future.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.9.1-9.5
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• 2015

Objectives Pyrethroid pesticides are among the most commonly using insecticides in South Korean households and have been the subject of considerable interest among public health professionals for their potential health effects. The objective of this study is to examine the level of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) among elementary students in South Korea. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate pyrethroid pesticide exposure levels by measuring the urinary metabolites of 3-PBA using a gas chromatographymass spectrometry method in March 2011. Study participants were 70 Asan-area and Incheon-area elementary students. Results All respondents had values above the detection limit, and the geometric means of 3-PBA in all children were $1.85{\mu}g/L$ and $1.46{\mu}g/g$ creatinine. Children with the top 10% urinary levels of 3-PBA were more likely to be girls, under nine years of age, living in a rural area, and living in a residential type apartment. Conclusions South Korean children have a higher concentration of urinary 3-PBA compared with those of other countries. Further research identifying exposure pathways and intervention efforts to reduce environmental pesticide use are needed in South Korea.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.202-212
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• 1995

Pyrethroid계 살비살충제인 acrinathrin의 물리화학적 특성이 상이한 두 토양중에서의 분해특성을 구명하기 위하여 비표지 화합물을 이용한 포장 및 실내조건에서의 잔류성과 표지화합물을 이용하여 유기용매에 의한 추출율과 추출불가 속박잔류물 형성 및 숙성온도와 숙성기간에 따른 분해성을 검토하였다. 포장실험에서 acrinathrin의 반감기는 약제를 1회와 2회 처리시 토양 A에서는 각각 18과 22일, 토양 B에서는 각각 13과 15일, 실내실험에서는 토양 A와 B에서 각각 36과 18일로서 acrinathrin은 환경중에서 분해가 용이함을 시사하였다. 24주의 숙성기간중 [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin이 무기화되어 방출된 $^{14}CO_2$의 양은 토양 A와 B에서 각각 총처리 방사능의 81과 62%이었으며, 유기용매에 의한 추출불가 토양속박 잔류물의 양은 두 토양 모두 약 70%이었고 숙성기간이 증가함에 따라 점진적으로 증가하는 경향이었다. 토양중 acrinathrin의 분해에 미치는 온도($15{\sim}30^{\circ}C$)의 영향은 숙성 온도가 높을수록 컸다. [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin을 토양에 처리한 후 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150일간 숙성한 토양의 acetone 추출액을 autoradiography하여 m/z 198 (3-phenoxybenzaldehyde)과 m/z 214(3-phenoxybenzoic acid) 및 m/z 228(methyl 3-phenoxybenzoic acid)의 분해산물과 1종의 미확인 분해산물을 검출하였으며, 분해 양상은 두 토양에서 유사하였다. Acrinathrin은 토양중에서 cyano group이 결합된 탄소($^{14}C$)에 인접한 ester 결합이 가수분해되어 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde cyanohydrin을 형성한 후 뒤이어 HCN이 제거되어 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde를 생성하고 이것이 다시 3-phenoxybenzoic acid로 산화된 후 decarboxylation에 의하여 $^{14}CO_2$가 방출되는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.2.1-2.9
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• 2015

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the association between presence of depression symptoms and the exposure level to insecticides among aged population in rural area, determined via measured levels of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), after controlling for socioeconomic confounding factors. Methods Using a cross-sectional study design, we randomly recruited participants for our study (161 male and 239 female) from rural areas of Asan, Chungnam, Korea. Environmental risk factor exposure was assessed using a questionnaire, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze urinary 3-PBA levels. We used a logistic regression analysis to assess the association of urinary 3-PBA levels with the presence of self-reported depression symptoms. Results After controlling for creatinine levels, the median (interquartile range) concentration of 3-PBA was approximately 1.5 times (p<0.05) higher among female (1.54 [0.90 to 2.35]) ${\mu}g/g$) than among male (1.06 [0.64 to 1.81] ${\mu}g/g$). Our study found that among female participants, the unit increase in 3-PBA levels exhibited a likely positive association (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.25) with an increased risk of presence of self-reported depression symptoms, after adjusting for socioeconomic insurance type, daily physical condition, marital status, smoking status, and age. Conclusions Given our finding of a potential association between the presence of self-reported depression symptoms and 3-PBA levels, precautions should be considered to minimize exposure to insecticides and thus protect the health of aged residents in rural areas.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2007

본 연구는 Pyrethroid계 살충제인 deltamethrin의 작업자 노출을 평가하기 위해 약제살포 환경의 공기중 농도분석과 아울러 인체내에 흡수되어 요중으로 대사되는 산물인 3-PBA의 최적 분석법을 확립하였고, deltamethrin과 3-PBA간의 상관성을 분석하였다. 3-PBA의 가수분해 최적 조건은 시료에 HCl을 첨가하여 pH1 로 조절한 후 $90^{\circ}C$에서 60분 동안 반응시켰을 때 이었다. 요 시료는 Amberlite XAD-16에 흡착시킨 후 acetone을 0.1 mL $min^{-1}$의 속도로 3mL에서 최고의 회수율을 나타내었다. 공기중 deltamethrin의 농도는 N.D. ${\sim}0.00079\;mg\;m^{-3}$이었고, 요중 3-PBA 농도는 $467.5{\pm}2.4\;{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$ creatinine이었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.186-201
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• 1995

Pyrethroid계 살비살충제 acrinathrin 토양잔류물의 행적을 구명하기 위하여 [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin의 신생 및 1개월간의 숙성잔류물을 함유한 2종의 토양이 담긴 특수 제작한 stainless steel pot에서 옥수수를 1개월간 재배하였다. 1개월의 숙성기간과 1개월의 옥수수 재배기간중 [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin이 무기화되어 발생된 $^{14}CO_2$의 양은 두 토양 모두 총처리 방사능의 각각 $23{\sim}24%$와 $24{\sim}33%$이었다. 1개월간 재배한 후 수확한 옥수수의 지상부와 지하부에 흡수이행된 방사능은 두 토양 모두에서 각각 총처리 방사능의 0.1%와 1% 미만인 반면 전체 방사능의 $65{\sim}80%$는 토양에 남아 있었다. [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin을 처리한 후 옥수수를 재배하기 전과 후 토양 추출액의 autoradiography와 GC-MS로 1종의 미확인 분해산물을 비롯하여 m/z 198, m/z 228 및 m/z 214의 분해산물을 검출하였고 비표지 acrinathrin을 처리하고 30일간 옥수수를 재배한 토양 추출액에서는 GC-MS로 m/z 225와 m/z 198의 분해산물을 확인하였다. 토양중에서 acrinathrin은 cyano group이 결합된 탄소 ($^{14}C$)에 인접한 ester 결합이 가수분해되어 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde cyanohydrin을 형성한 후 뒤이어 HCN이 제거되어 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde를 생성하고 이것이 다시 3-phenoxybenzoic acid로 산화된 후 decarboxylation에 의하여 $^{14}CO_2$가 방출되는 것으로 판단되었다. 1개월간 옥수수를 재배한 토양과 1개월간 숙성한 토양의 acetone에 의한 추출율은 두 토양 모두에서 총처리 방사능의 31% 미만이었으며, 토양 추출액 방사능은 95% 이상이 유기상에 분배되었다. 따라서 acrinathrin은 토양중에서 분해가 신속하고 토양구성성분에 쉽게 흡착 또는 결합되어 작물에 흡수이행되지 않는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.280-297
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• 2017

Objectives: We assessed pesticide exposure levels according to cultivation and crop type and investigated agricultural factors related to exposure. Methods: The participants, 341 male and 127 female farmers, were divided into three groups by cultivation crop type: chili greenhouse, cucumber greenhouse, and orchard. We collected questionnaires, socioeconomic characteristics and agricultural factors, and spot urine. Pesticide exposure was examined using four organophosphate and four pyrethroids urinary metabolites: dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate, Cis and Trans-3-(2-2dichlorovinyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), Cis-3-(2-2dibrmovinyl)-2, and 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid. Each metabolite was summed ${\Sigma}DAP$ and ${\Sigma}PY$ according to the chemical class. Results: Urinary metabolite detection rates and concentrations were similar between the greenhouse groups, but the orchard group was different. Similar 3-PBA detection rates were found in the three groups, but the geometric mean was very high in the orchard group compared to the two greenhouse groups. 3-PBA concentration in the orchard group was $4.11{\mu}g/g$ creatinine; the chili and cucumber greenhouse groups were 1.27 and $1.16{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. ${\Sigma}DAP$ was significantly associated with cultivation crop type and seasonal variation, but ${\Sigma}PY$ was not relevant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that cultivation and crop type may be correlated with different pesticide types and exposure levels. Furthermore, seasonal factors were related as potential factors influencing the level of organophosphate metabolites, but not for pyrethroid metabolites.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Pyrethroids (PYRs) are a widely used insecticide in agriculture and household area. In mammals, PYRs such as deltamethrin is metabolized to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in liver that is mainly excreted in urine. This study is designed to single exposure of deltamethrin to rats in a dose-dependent manner and identify the correlation between deltamethrin exposure and its metabolite (3-PBA) in urine. METHODS AND RESULTS: Exposure levels of deltamethrin were control (0 mg/kg bw), low (0.0705 mg/kg bw), medium (0.705 mg/kg bw) and high (7.05 mg/kg bw) dose. Low concentration was derived by ussing Korea predictive operator exposure model (KoPOEM). Dermal exposure persisted for 6 h, and urine specimens were collected for 24 h. The urine matrix was removed after a series of procedures and 3-PBA was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION: There was a strong correlation ($R^2=0.83$) between the amount of oral exposure to delta me thrin and urinary levelof3-PBAexcreted. In dermal exposure groups of deltamethrin except high-dose, also there was a good correlation between urinary 3-PBA and deltamethrin exposure, but not stronger than in oral deltamethrin exposure groups. Based on these results, therefore, the amount of 3-PBA in urine can be used as a good monitoring indicator that reflexing the exposure level of deltamethrin to human body.