• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1767-1778
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• 2009

A robust and secure InIm(Integral imaging)-based 3D watermarking scheme using cellular automata transform (CAI) is proposed. In the InIm-based 3D watermarking scheme, the elemental image array (EIA) watermark for the target watermark which has to be detected, is synthesized from the computational pickup process of InIm and embedded in a cover image. The EIA watermark can provide a robust reconstruction of the target watermark However, the 3D property of the EIA watermark causes a weakening of the security. To overcome this problem, the proposed method uses the CAT domain to embed and extract the EIA watermark in the cover image. The use of CAT significantly improves the security for our watermarking algorithm using a single secure key only. Experiments are presented to show that the proposed scheme shows robust and secure performances against various attacks.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.1173-1176
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• 2005

Depending on the characteristics of each 3D-DCT block, images can be classified into three types: images with motion and textures, images with high textures and little motion, images with little textures and little motion. In this paper, we propose an adaptive watermarking method using these characteristics of each 3D-DCT block. and the human visual system. The proposed method classifies patterns of 3D-DCT blocks based on the motion and texture information, and classifies the image type according to the ratio of these patterns. The watermark is inserted proportional to the 3D-DCT coefficients by using pattern adaptive JND, which. makes the proposed watermarking robust by inserting watermarks in as many blocks as possible. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of invisibility and robustness than the previous method.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1951-1959
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• 2017

Due to the fact that 3D printing is applied to many areas of life, 3D printing models are often used illegally without any permission from the original providers. This paper presents a novel watermarking algorithm for the copyright protection and ownership identification for 3D printing based on the radius curvature of 3D triangle. 3D triangles are extracted and classified into groups based on radius curvature by the clustering algorithm, and then the mean radius curvature of each group will be computed for watermark embedding. The watermark data is embedded to the groups of 3D triangle by changing the mean radius curvature of each group. In each group, we select a 3D triangle which has the nearest radius curvature with the changed mean radius curvature. Finally, we change the vertices of the selected facet according to the changed radius curvature has been embedded watermark. In experiments, the distance error between the original 3D printing model and the watermarked 3D printing model is approximate zero, and the Bit Error Rate is also very low. From experimental results, we verify that the proposed algorithm is invisible and robustness with geometric attacks rotation, scaling and translation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.43 no.3 s.309
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• pp.68-75
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose an adaptive video watermarking method using human visual system(HVS) and characteristics of three-dimensional cosine transform (3D-DCT) cubes. We classify 3D-DCT cubes into three patterns according to the distribution of coefficients in the 3D-DCT cube: cube with motion and textures, cube with high textures and little motion, and cube with little textures and line motion. Images are also classified into three types according to the ratio of these patterns: images with motion and textures, images with high textures and little motion, and images with little textures and little motion. The proposed watermarking method adaptivelyinserts the watermark on the coefficients of the mid-range in the 3D-DCT cube using the appropriately learned sensitivity table and the proportional constants depending on the patterns of 3D-DCT cubes and types of images. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of invisibility and robustness than the previous method.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2010

Digital watermarking has drawn extensive attention for protecting digital contents from unauthorized copying. This paper proposes a new watermarking scheme in frequency domain for copyright protection of digital audio. In our proposed watermarking system, the original audio is segmented into non-overlapping frames. Watermarks are then embedded into the selected prominent peaks in the magnitude spectrum of each frame. Watermarks are extracted by performing the inverse operation of watermark embedding process. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is robust against various kinds of attacks such as noise addition, cropping, resampling, re-quantization, MP3 compression, and low pass filtering. Our proposed watermarking system outperforms Cox's method in terms of imperceptibility, while keeping comparable robustness with the Cox's method. Our proposed system achieves SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) values ranging from 20 dB to 28 dB. This is in contrast to Cox's method which achieves SNR values ranging from only 14 dB to 23 dB.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2002.05d
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• pp.901-906
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• 2002

This paper is a research about method, that is used in Rapid Prototyping system, that inserts and extracts watermark in STL(standard transform language) that has a 3D geometrical model. The proposed algorithm inserts watermark in the vertex domain of STL facet without the distortion of 3D model. If we make use of a established algorithm for watermarking of STL, a watermark inserted to 3D model can be removed by simple attack that change order of facet. The proposed algorithm has robustness about these attack. Experiment results verify that the proposed algorithm, to encode and decode watermark in STL 3D geometrical model, doesn't distort a 3D model at all. And it shows that the proposed algorithm is available.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2004

A robust watermarking algorithm is proposed for 3D mesh models. Watermark is inserted into the 2D image which is extracted from the target 3D model. Each Pixel value of the extracted 2D image represents a distance from the predefined reference points to the face of the given 3D model. This extracted image is defined as “range image” in this paper. Watermark is embedded into the range image. Then, watermarked 3D mesh is obtained by modifying vertices using the watermarked range Image. In extraction procedure, the original model is needed. After registration between the original and the watermarked models, two range images are extracted from each 3D model. From these images. embedded watermark is extracted. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against the attacks such as rotation, translation, uniform scaling, mesh simplification, AWGN and quantization of vertex coordinates.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.3C
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• pp.287-296
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• 2007

3D keyframe animation is used widely in 3D graphics for real-time animation. This is a method that registers the animated key values in the important several frames among the entire frames and generates the rest frame by interpolator using the registered key values. This paper proposed the watermarking for 3D keyframe animation using PositionInterpolator. The proposed algorithm selects randomly the embedding meshes, which are transform nodes among the entire hierarchical structure. Then the watermark is embedded into keyValues of PositionInterpolator in selected transform node. Experimental results verified that the proposed algorithm has the robustness against geometrical attacks and timeline attacks.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.552-561
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• 2002

In this paper, a new watermarking algorithm for STL files which contains 3D geometric information as triangular facets is proposed. STL files are widely used in rapid prototyping industry as a standard interchange format. The proposed algorithm inserts multi-bit watermark information into the surface normal vector and vertex description area of STL file without distorting the original 3D geometric information. According to the watermark bits, the position of normal vector and the direction of vertex sequence are modulated. The proposed algorithm is robust to the attack of changing the order of the triangular meshes. In addition, the invisibility requirement is also satisfied. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can encode and decode watermark bits into the various STL files without any distortion of 3D shape.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.551-561
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• 2014

Since the depth and texture images have been widely used for generating 3-dimensional stereoscopic image, the security of them have been focused. In this paper, we propose a new watermarking technique for copyright of stereo and multiview images which is generated in an arbitrary viewpoint by depth and texture image. After the mark space is selected for preserving watermark through DIBR (depth-image-based rendering) process which uses 3D warping, the texture image is transformed to the frequency coefficient using 2D DCT (discrete cosine transform). Some parts of them are quantized, which is the corresponding process to watermarking. The embedded watermark is not conformed by eyes, so we identified the invisibility of the proposed method. In case of appling attacks of general image process, we also identified the robustness of it.