• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.580-588
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of decreased locomotor activity on mass, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of ipsilateral and contralateral hindlimb muscles 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model. Methods: The rat model was established by direct injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 50 ${mu}g$) into the left substantia nigra after stereotaxic surgery. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of two groups; the Parkinson's disease group (PD; n=17) and a sham group (S; n=8). Locomotor activity was assessed before and 21 days after the experiment. At 22 days after establishing the rat model, all rats were anesthetized and soleus and plantaris muscles were dissected from both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. The brain was dissected to identify dopaminergic neuronal death of substantia nigra in the PD group. Results: The PD group at 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model showed significant decrease in locomotor activity compared with the S group. Weights and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of the contralateral soleus muscle of the PD group were significantly lower than those of the S group. Conclusion: Contralateral soleus muscle atrophy occurs 21 days after establishing the Parkinson's disease rat model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 2009

Purpose：This study was to analyze the electrolyte such as blood Na+, K+, Ca2+ of aerobic exercise on spinal cord injured rats. Methods：SCI model rats were damaged in L1-L2 injected with 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA). For this study went on classifying the control group without aerobic exercise, experimental group with aerobic exercise. Experimental groups were applied as swimming for 15minutes. Results：The results of this study were follows. 1) The body weight of the experimental group increased significantly after aerobic exercise(p<.05). 2) In the case of sodium(has been decreased significantly after 2 weeks(p<.05). 3) In the case of potassium has been increased significantly after 2 weeks(p<.05). 4) In the case of calcium has been increased significantly after 2 weeks(p<.05). Conclusion：Aerobic exercise were positive effect in body weight and electrolyte of the spinal cord injury. Continued swimming exercise can be recommended as an effective intervention for the spinal cord injury.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.309-315
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• 2006

The protective effects of baicalein, one of the flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, were evaluated against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neuronal damage in mice and cultured human neuroblastoma cells. Nigrostriatal damage was induced by stereotaxically injecting 6-OHDA into the right striatum. Baicalein was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before and 90 min after lesion induction. Animals received a further daily injection of baicalein for 3 consecutive days. Two weeks after 6-OHDA injection, contralateral rotational asymmetry was observed by apomorphine challenge in lesioned mice. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry revealed a significant loss of terminals in lesioned striatum and the reduction of the numbers of TH-positive cell in the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN). In addition, the levels of dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites were reduced and lipid peroxidation was increased in lesioned striatum. However, baicalein treatment reduced apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice, and increased TH immunoreactivity in the striatum and SN, and DA levels in lesioned striatum. Lipid peroxidation induced by 6-OHDA was also inhibited by baicalein treatment. Furthermore, when SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were treated with baicalein, 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were significantly reduced. These results indicate that baicalein effectively protects 6-OHDA-induced neuronal damage through antioxidant action.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

Green tea has attracted attention with respect to its potential for preventing and treating neurodegenerative disease. The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), was used to produce experimental Parkinson's disease (PD) model. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea diet on behavioral changes, striatal dopamine content, and hepatic antioxidant parameters of PD model rats. In this study, we used male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $200\sim220g$ and injected 6-OHDA into the right substantia nigra and medial forebrain bundle of the brain. The supply of green tea diet was started at 2 weeks before 6-OHDA lesion and continually supplied during 0, 2, and 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion (GT-0, GT-2, GT-4). Behavioral disturbance was measured by the stepping and d-amphetamine drug-induced rotation tests. Then, we assayed the striatal dopamine content and the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide $(H_2O_2)$, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The percentage of lesioned forepaw to non-lesioned forepaw step scores was the highest in GT-4 group among all groups at both 3 and 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion. At 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion, the rotation score was the lowest in GT-2 group (p<0.05). However, increasing rate of the rotation score from 2 to 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion was the lowest in GT-4 group. The striatal dopamine content was not significantly different among four groups by green tea diet. The hepatic MDA level was the lowest in GT-4 group among four groups. The hepatic SOD activity was increased with the prolongation of green tea diet period These results suggest that green tea diet affects behavioral changes in rats of PD model. It seems that continuous green tea supplementation has an influence on the reduction of behavioral disturbance and the hepatic MDA level. Accordingly, continuous green tea supplementation was recommended for the prevention and treatment of PD. However, further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms and efficacy of green tea in PD.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 2008

Objectives : Oxidative stress has a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Banryong-hwan (BRHE) in SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Methods : To assess the antioxidant effects, we carried out 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay, and determination of total polyphenolic content. We evaluated the effect of BRHE treatment on neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA) toxicity using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, nitric oxide(NO) assay, reactive oxygen species(ROS) assay in SH-SY5Y cells and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) immunocytochemistry in primary rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Results : BRHE showed IC50 values of 328.10 ${\mu}g/mL$ and 43.12 ${\mu}g/mL$ in DPPH assay and in ABTS assay, respectively. Total polyphenolic content was 180.76 ${\mu}g/mL$. In SH-SY5Y cells, BRHE significantly attenuated the toxicity induced by 6-OHDA at the concentrations of 25-100 ${\mu}g/mL$ pre- and post- treatment in MTT assay. While 6-OHDA increased the NO and ROS contents, BRHE decreased them in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, in primary dopaminergic neuron culture, BRHE significantly protect-ed the dopaminergic cell loss against 6-OHDA toxicity up to 136% at the concentration of 75 ${\mu}g/mL$. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that BRHE has neuroprotective effect against 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity through decreasing NO and ROS generation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 2019

Objective : Globus pallidus interna (GPi) is acknowledged as an essential treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Nonetheless, the neurotransmitter study about its results is undiscovered. The goal of this research was to examine influences of entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) stimulation, identical to human GPi, in no-lesioned (NL) rat and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD)-lesioned rat on glutamate change in the striatum. Methods : Extracellular glutamate level changes in striatum of NL category, NL with deep brain stimulation (DBS) category, 6-HD category, and 6-HD with DBS category were examined using microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities in substantia nigra and striatum of the four categories were also analyzed. Results : Extracellular glutamate levels in the striatum of NL with DBS category and 6-HD with DBS category were significantly increased by EPN stimulation compared to those in the NL category and 6-HD category. EPN stimulation had no significant effect on the expression of TH in NL or 6-HD category. Conclusion : Clinical results of GPi DBS are not only limited to direct inhibitory outflow to thalamus. They also include extensive alteration within basal ganglia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.618-630
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• 2021

Purpose: The ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) is widely cultivated as a spice for its aromatic and pungent components. One of its constituents, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is usually thought to cross the cell membrane through dopamine uptake transporters, and induce inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study examines the neuroprotective effect and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of fermented ginger extracts (FGEs) on 6-OHDA induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Methods: Ginger was fermented using 2 species of Bacillus subtilis, with or without enzyme pretreatment. Each sample was extracted with 70% ethanol. Neurotoxicity was assessed by applying the EZ-Cytox cell viability assay and by measuring lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Morphological changes of apoptotic cell nuclei were observed by Hoechst staining. Cell growth and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells were determined by Western blotting and enzyme activity analysis of caspase-3, and AChE enzymatic activity was determined by the colorimetric assay. Results: In terms of cell viability and LDH release, exposure to FGE showed neuroprotective activities against 6-OHDA stimulated stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, FGE reduced the 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis, as determined by Hoechst staining. The occurrence of apoptosis in 6-OHDA treated cells was confirmed by determining the caspase-3 activity. Exposure to 6-OHDA resulted in increased caspase-3 activity of SH-SY5Y cells, as compared to the unexposed group. However, pre-treatment with FGE inhibited the activity of caspase-3. The neuroprotective effects of FGE were also found to be caspase-dependent, based on reduction of caspase-3 activity. Exposure to FGE also inhibited the activity of AChE induced by 6-OHDA, in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Taken together, our results show that FGE exhibits a neuroprotective effect in 6-OHDA treated SH-SY5Y cells, thereby making it a potential novel agent for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative disease.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2017

Objective : High frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is recognized as an effective treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. However, the neurochemical basis of its effects remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of STN HFS in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rat model on changes of principal neurotransmitters, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the striatum. Methods : The authors examined extracellular glutamate and GABA change in the striatum on sham group, 6-OHDA group, and 6-OHDA plus deep brain stimulation (DBS) group using microdialysis methods. Results : High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to quantify glutamate and GABA. The results show that HFS-STN induces a significant increase of extracellular glutamate and GABA in the striatum of 6-OHDA plus DBS group compared with sham and 6-OHDA group. Conclusion : Therefore, the clinical results of STN-HFS are not restricted to the direct STN targets but involve widespread adaptive changes within the basal ganglia.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1168-1177
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• 2022

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by dopaminergic neuronal death in the midbrain. Recently, the association between alterations in PD pathology and the gut microbiota has been explored. Microbiota-targeted interventions have been suggested as a novel therapeutic approach for PD. Agathobaculum butyriciproducens SR79^T (SR79) is an anaerobic bacterium. Previously, we showed that SR79 treatment induced cognitive improvement and reduced Alzheimer's disease pathologies in a mouse model. In this study, we hypothesized that SR79 treatment may have beneficial effects on PD pathology. To investigate the therapeutic effects of SR79 on PD, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced mouse models were used. D-Amphetamine sulfate (d-AMPH)-induced behavioral rotations and dopaminergic cell death were analyzed in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Treatment with SR79 significantly decreased ipsilateral rotations induced by d-AMPH. Moreover, SR79 treatment markedly activated the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway in the striatum. In addition, SR79 treatment affected the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and its downstream target genes in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Our findings suggest a protective role of SR79 in 6-OHDA-induced toxicity by regulating the AKT/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and astrocyte activation. Thus, SR79 may be a potential microbe-based intervention and therapeutic strategy for PD.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.834-842
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on recovery of muscle atrophy induced by Parkinson's disease. Methods: The rat model was established by direct injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 20 ${\mu}g$) into the left striatum using stereotaxic surgery. Rats were divided into two groups; the Parkinson's disease group with vehicle treatment (Vehicle; n=12) or DHEA treatment group (DHEA; n=22). DHEA or vehicle was administrated intraperitoneally daily at a dose of 0.34 mmol/kg for 21 days. At 22-days after DHEA treatment, soleus, plantaris, and striatum were dissected. Results: The DHEA group showed significant increase (p<.01) in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in the lesioned side substantia nigra compared to the vehicle group. Weights and Type I fiber cross-sectional areas of the contralateral soleus of the DHEA group were significantly greater than those of the vehicle group (p=.02, p=.00). Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation significantly decreased in the lesioned striatum, but was recovered with DHEA and also in the contralateral soleus muscle, Akt and ERK phosphorylation recovered significantly and the expression level of myosin heavy chain also recovered by DHEA treatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that DHEA treatment recovers Parkinson's disease induced contralateral soleus muscle atrophy through Akt and ERK phosphorylation.