• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.338-343
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• 2003

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bidirectional transport of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) using isolated rat hepatocytes. The initial uptake rate of ANS by isolated hepatocytes was determined. The uptake process of ANS was saturable, with a $K_m of 29.1\pm3.2 \mu M and V_{max} of 2.9\pm0.1$ mmol/min/mg protein. Subsequently, the initial efflux rate of ANS from isolated hepatocytes was determined by resuspending preloaded cells to 3.0% (w/v) BSA buffer. The efflux process for total ANS revealed a little saturability. The mean value of the efflux clearance was $2.2\pm0.1 \mu$ L/min/mg protein. The efflux rate of ANS from hepatocytes was markedly decreased at $4^{\circ}C$, indicating that the apparent efflux of ANS might not be attributed to the release of ANS bound to the cell surface, but to the efflux of ANS from intracellular space. The efflux clearance was furthermore corrected for the unbound intracellular ANS concentration on the basis of its binding parameters to cytosol. The relation between efflux rate and unbound ANS concentration was fitted well to the Michaelis-Menten equation with a saturable and a nonsaturable components. The $V_{max} and K_m$ values were 0.54 mmol/min/mg protein, and 10.0 $\mu$ M, respectively. Based on the comparison of the ratios of $V_{max} to K_m (V_{max}/K_m)$ corresponding to the transport clearance, the influx clearance was two times higher than the efflux clearance. Together with our preliminary studies that ATP suppression in hepatocytes substantially inhibited ANS influx rate, we concluded that the hepatic uptake of ANS is actively taken up into hepatocytes via the carrier mediated transport system.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.1168-1170
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• 2008

For OLED to be a key role in the television market, a manufacturing evaporation system with robustness and high throughput is indispensable. ANS is currently developing manufacturing equipments for OLED TVs. ANS's latest progress of a vertical high throughput in-line evaporation system for large substrate will be presented.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.407-410
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• 2003

We will introduce our new concept deposition system for SMOLED manufacturing in this conference. This system is designed to deposit organic and metal material to downward to overcome the limit of substrate size and process tact time hurdle for OLED mass production, and is organized with organic deposition chamber, substrate pre-cleaning chamber, metal deposition chamber and encapsulation system. These entire process chambers are integrated with linear type substrate transfer system. We also compare our new SMOLED manufacturing system with conventional vacuum deposition systems, and show basic organic thin film property data, organic material deposition property data, and basic device property.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.536-547
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• 2008

Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS, leucoanthocyanidin oxygenase), a 2-oxoglutarate iron-dependent oxygenase, catalyzed the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of the anthocyanin class of flavonoids, from the colorless leucoanthocyanidins to the colored anthocyanidins. The full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of ANS gene (designated as GbANS) were isolated from Ginkgo biloba for the first time. The full-length cDNA of GbANS contained a 1062-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 354-amino-acid protein. The genomic DNA analysis showed that GbANS gene had three exons and two introns. The deduced GbANS protein showed high identities to other plant ANSs. The conserved amino acids (H-X-D) ligating ferrous iron and residues (R-X-S) participating in 2-oxoglutarate binding were found in GbANS at the similar positions like other ANSs. Southern blot analysis indicated that GbANS belonged to a multi-gene family. The expression analysis by real-time PCR showed that GbANS expressed in a tissue-specific manner in G. biloba. GbANS was also found to be up-regulated by all of the six tested abiotic stresses, UV-B, abscisic acid, sucrose, salicylic acid, cold and ethylene, consistent with the promoter region analysis of GbANS. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli strain with pET-28a vector. The in vitro enzyme activity assay by HPLC indicated that recombinant GbANS protein could catalyze the formation the cyanidin from leucocyanidin and conversion of dihydroquercetin to quercetin, suggesting GbANS is a bifunctional enzyme within the anthocyanidin and flavonol biosynthetic pathway.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.576-583
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• 2008

In this study, we attempt to design a real-time autonomic nervous system(ANS) evaluation system usable during exercise using heart instantaneous frequency(HIF). Although heart rate variability(HRV) is considered to be a representative signal widely used ANS evaluation system, the R-peak detection process must be included to obtain an HRV signal, which involves a high sampling frequency and interpolation process. In particular, it cannot accurately evaluate the ANS using HRV signals during exercise because it is difficult to detect the R-peak of electrocardiogram(ECG) signals with exposure to many noises during exercise. Therefore, in this study, we develop the ground for a system that can analyze an ANS in real-time by using the HIF signal circumventing the problem of the HRV signal during exercise. First, we compare the HRV and HIF signals in order to prove that the HIF signal is more efficient for ANS analysis than HRV signals during exercise. Further, we performed real-time ANS analysis using HIF and confirmed that the exerciser's ANS variation experiences massive surges at points of acceleration and deceleration of the treadmill(similar to HRV).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2001

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) in vivo. The plasma concentration and liver concentration of ANS were determined after its i.v. bolus administration at a dose of $30\;{\mu}mol/kg$ in rats. The hepatic uptake clearance $(CL_{uptake})$ of ANS was 0.1 ml/min/g liver. On the basis of the unbound concentration of ANS, the permeability-surface area product $(PS_{influx})$ was calculated to be l0.4 ml/min/g liver, being comparable of in vitro data. On the other hand, we determined the plasma concentration, liver concentration and biliary excretion rate of ANS at steady-state after its i. v. infusion $(0.2-1.6\;{\mu}mol/min/kg)$ in rats. The excretion clearance $(CL_{excretion})$ of ANS showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with increasing the infusion rate. The permeability-surface area product $(PS_{excretion})$ based on the unbound concentration in the liver was calculated to be 0.0165 ml/min/g liver, which is negligible compared with the intrinsic clearance $(CL_{int}=3.3\;ml/min/g\;liver)$ by rat liver microsomes. The sequestration process of ANS, therefore, was considered to be mainly due to the metabolic process in the liver $(PS_{seq}{\risingdotseq}CL_{int})$. Furthermore, $PS_{efflux}$ value calculated from $PS_{influx}$ and $PS_{seq}$ was 4.4 ml/min/g liver, which was comparable of in vitro data. In conclusion, in vivo parameters such as $PS_{influx}$, $PS_{efflux}$ and $PS_{seq}$ in the present study showed good in vivo-in vitro relationship. Thus, the kinetic analysis method proposed in the present study would be useful to analyze the hepatic transport of drugs in vivo.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05c
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• pp.98-104
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• 1996

핵분열 생성물 방출량을 계산하는 모델들에 대한 비교 분석을 위해 GAPCON-THERMAL-2 Revision 2 (GT2R2) 코드를 이용하여 Beyer-Hann , Beyer-Hann with NRC High Burnup Correction, ANS5.4와 Modified ANS5.4 핵분열 생성물 방출 모델들을, RISO-M2-2C 핵연료봉의 실험결과와 비교하였다. Beyer-Hann 모델은 실험결과보다 낮게 예측한반면 ANS5.4 모델은 실험결과 보다 높게 예측하였다. 한편 NRC High Burnup Correction을 한 Beyer-Hann 모텔과Modified ANS5.4 모델은 실험 결과와 비슷한 방출비를 예측하였다. 이러한 결과를 확인하기 위해 국부적인 핵연료 온도와 연소도를 검토한 결과 ANS5.4 모델이 .Modified ANS5.4 모델보다 온도와 연소도에 따라 더 민감한 반응을 보이고 있으며, Beyer-Hann 모텔은 연소도 영향이 없이 각 온도 영역에서 일정하였고, Beyer-Hann with NRC High Burnup Correction 모델은 20,000MWd/MTU 연소도 이상영역에서 연소도 영향을 보이고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05c
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• pp.139-144
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• 1996

핵분열 생성물 방출량을 계산하는 모델들에 대한 비교 분석을 위해 GAPCON-THERMAL-2 Revision 2 (GT2R2) 코드를 이용하여 Beyer-Hann , Beyer-Hann with NRC High Burnup Correction, ANS5.4와 Modified ANS5.4 핵분열 생성물 방출 모델들을, RISO-M2-2C 핵연료봉의 실험결과와 비교하였다. Beyer-Hann 모델은 실험결과보다 낮게 예측한반면 ANS5.4 모델은 실험결과 보다 높게 예측하였다. 한편 NRC High Burnup Correction을 한 Beyer-Hann 모델과 Modified ANS5.4 모델은 실험 결과와 비슷한 방출비를 예측하였다. 이러한 결과를 확인하기 위해 국부적인 핵연료 온도와 연소도를 검토한 결과 ANS5.4 모델이 Modified ANS5.4 모델보다 온도와 연소도에 따라 더 민감한 반응을 보이고 있으며, Beyer-Hann 모델은 연소도 영향이 없이 각 온도 영역에서 일정하였고, Beyer-Hann with NRC High Burnup Correction 모델은 20,000MWd/MTU 연소도 이상영역에서 연소도 영향을 보이고 있다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 1982

The binding of the 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate(ANS) to bovine serum albumin was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The effect of pH, ionic strength, and protein concentration on the binding of ANS to protein were compared. The binding between ANS and protein was dependent on pH and ionic strength. It seems that both hydrophobic binding and some electrostatic forces are involved in the binding of ANS to protein. The binding constants for ANS increased with increasing protein concentration. This suggests the possibility of a sharing of one ANS molecule by more than one protein molecule at relatively high protein concentration.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.677-682
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• 1998

The present study was designed to examine the metabolism of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS), an anionic compound which is transported into liver via "multispecific organ ic anion transporter", with rat hepatic microsomes. TLC analysis indicated that the fluorescent metabolites were not produced to a measurable extent, which made it possible to assess the ANS metabolism by measuring the fluorescence disappearance. The metabolism of ANS was remarkably inhibited by the presence of SKF-525A as well as by the substitution of 02 by CO gas. ANS metabolism by microsomes also required NADPH as a cofactor. These results indicated that the microsomal monooxygenase system might be mainly responsible for the ANS metabolism. The maximum velocity ($V_{max}$) and Michaelis constant ($K_m$) were calculated to be $4.3{\pm}0.2$ nmol/min/mg protein and $42.1{\pm}2.0\;{\mu}M$, respectively. Assuming that 1g of liver contains 32mg of microsomal protein, the $V_{max}$ value was extrapolated to that per g of liver ($V_{max}^I$). The intrinsic metabolic clearance ($CL_{int}$) under linear conditions calculated from this in vitro metabolic study was 3.3ml/min/g liver, being comparable with that (3.0ml/min/g liver) calculated by analyzing the in vivo plasma disappearance curve in a previous study. Furthermore, the effects of other organic anions on the metabolism of ANS were examined. Bromophenolblue (BPB) and rose bengal (RB) competitively inhibited the metabolism of ANS, while BSP inhibited it only slightly. The inhibition constant ($K_i$) of BPB ($6\;{\mu}M$) was much smaller than that of RB ($200\;{\mu}M$). In conclusion, the microsomal monooxygenase system plays a major role in the metabolism of ANS, and other unmetabolizable organic anions (BPB and RB) compete for this metabolism.