• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2013

Objectives: We investigated the association between particulate matter less than $10{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic diameter ($PM_{10}$) exposure and non-accidental mortality in Asian populations by meta-analysis, using both time-series and case-crossover analysis. Methods: Among the 819 published studies searched from PubMed and EMBASE using key words related to $PM_{10}$ exposure and non-accidental mortality in Asian countries, 8 time-series and 4 case-crossover studies were selected for meta-analysis after exclusion by selection criteria. We obtained the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of non-accidental mortality per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase of daily $PM_{10}$ from each study. We used Q statistics to test the heterogeneity of the results among the different studies and evaluated for publication bias using Begg funnel plot and Egger test. Results: Testing for heterogeneity showed significance (p<0.001); thus, we applied a random-effects model. RR (95% CI) per $10{\mu}g/m^3$ increase of daily $PM_{10}$ for both the time-series and case-crossover studies combined, time-series studies relative risk only, and case-crossover studies only, were 1.0047 (1.0033 to 1.0062), 1.0057 (1.0029 to 1.0086), and 1.0027 (1.0010 to 1.0043), respectively. The non-significant Egger test suggested that this analysis was not likely to have a publication bias. Conclusions: We found a significant positive association between $PM_{10}$ exposure and non-accidental mortality among Asian populations. Continued investigations are encouraged to contribute to the health impact assessment and public health management of air pollution in Asian countries.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.299-309
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• 2003

In an accidental release of radioactive materials to the environment the contaminative influence of animal products due to the inhalation of air and the ingestion of soil of livestock, both of which are dealt with as minor contaminative pathways in most radioecological models but may not be neglected, was investigated with the improvement of the Korean dynamic food chain model DYNACON Although mathematical models for both contaminative pathways have been established for considering all animal products and incorporated into the model, investigation was limited to milk. As a result, it was found that both pathways are influential in the contamination of milk in the case of an accidental release during the non-grazing period of dairy cows. In the case of an accidental release during the non-grazing period, the inhalation of air was more influential than the ingestion of soil in the early days following an accidental release. While, it was the opposite with the lapse of time. If precipitation is encountered during an accidental release, contaminative influence due to the ingestion of soil was greater compared with the cases of no precipitation, in general, because of a stealer deposition of radionuclides onto the ground. Precipitation during an accidental release was a less influential factor in $^{131}I$ (elemental iodine) contamination compared with the $^{137}Cs\;and\;^{90}Sr$ contaminations. In the case of an accidental release during the grazing period of dairy cows, the contaminative influence due to the inhalation of air was negligible.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether the comprehensive nursing care service positively affected accidental falls and pressure injuries. Methods: This study was a retrospective study that analyzed the accidental falls and pressure injuries cases in an acute care hospital located in Seoul and compared the rates of accidental falls and pressure injuries before and after the comprehensive nursing care service was operated. Results: Comparing the accidental fall incidence rates per 100 person-months between a comprehensive nursing care ward and a general ward, it showed fewer accidental falls by 0.44 in comprehensive nursing care wards, but the result was not statistically significant. In the case of pressure ulcers, the incident rate per 100 person-month was 6.17 in general wards and 4.77 in comprehensive nursing care wards, which showed that the number of pressure ulcer patients was lower in comprehensive nursing care wards, however it was also not statistically significant. Conclusion: It is not confirmed that the operation of the comprehensive nursing care service contributes to the reduction of accidental hospital falls or pressure injuries. Follow-up studies are recommended to determine the effectiveness of comprehensive nursing services in quality indicators.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.6
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• pp.327-340
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• 2003

As a countermeasure under accidental occurrence situation, First, as application form of martial arts, A security guard foster ability that can protect a target person of guard and own body under accidental occurrence situation through incessant martial arts practice. To achieve this purpose, incessant training mental power and physical strength reinforcement should be kept on to prevent, therefore make a safety control function for such as weapon, small arms, explosive, vehicles terror etc. happened under accidental occurrence situation. Second, according to the contents of training based on the classification category of martial arts for security guard under accidental situation, a security guard must keep safety distance necessarily lest a target person of gurad should be attacked by attacker, therefore, intercept an attack opportunity if a safety distance between a target person of guard and attacker is not kept. Third, It is to practice confrontation techniques based on the type of attack. A security guard must develp situation disposal ability that can cope properly with the attack using empty hands, murderous weapon, small arms, explosive by case or individual or mass of threat that impose danger and injury in a target person's body of guard.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.159-163
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• 1995

Accidental high epidural block is a rare but serious complication. It can result from many factors, which include the volume and concentration of drug, posture, puncture site, age, pregnancy or intra-abdominal mass, and patients' height and weight. We had a case of accidental high epidural block recently. This is a case report which was confirmed by an epiduragram. A healthy 50-year-old woman with a huge uterine myoma was scheduled for a total abdominal hysterectomy under continous epidural analgesia. Epidural catheterization was carried out smoothly. However, an unexpected hypotension was noticed after an epidural injection of 2% lidocaine 25 ml. Thereafter, the patient was intubated and her respiration was controlled during the operation. Using the 5mg of ephedrine, her blood pressure and pulse were well maintained. The scheduled operation was carried out for one hour uneventfully, but after the operation, she felt paresthesia on her hands in the recovery room. To differentiate between the high epidural and the subdural blocks. We injected 5 ml of a water soluble Niopam 300 through the catheter postoperatively. It was observed on the epiduragram that the catheter was placed in the epidural space. It was suggested that the high epidural block was induced from the widespread diffusion through the narrowed epidural space due to the engorgement of the epidural venous plexus by the patient's huge uterine myoma.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.190-203
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• 2019

Since the amendment of the Accidental Fire Liability Act in 2009, interested parties in accidental fire liability contracts have settled issues associated with the estimation of each other's liability amounts through lawsuits. As fire accidents are complex in nature, it is difficult to distinguish between direct and additional damages caused by extended combustion while calculating liability amounts for accidental fires. Additionally, there is an increasing need for establishing and using a framework that includes validity and reliability. To establish such a framework for estimating the liability amounts in case of an accidental fire, this study suggests a novel categorization of fires to be applied to the framework. This will be organized by the subjects of the liability of accidental fires, and quantified and probabilistic processed qualitative items through the methods applied to quantification (AMEA/FTA) based on the fire statistics data published by the government and the previous researchers' research application data and results.

• Korean Journal of Anesthesiology
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• v.71 no.6
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• pp.483-485
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• 2018

A 34-year-old man who previously underwent a craniotomy due to oligodendroglioma was admitted with a diagnosis of recurrent brain tumor. An awake craniotomy was planned. Approximately 15 minutes after completing the scalp nerve block, his upper torso suddenly moved and trembled for 10 seconds, suggesting a generalized clonic seizure. He recovered gradually and fully in 55 minutes without any neurological sequelae. The emergency computed tomography scan revealed a localized fluid collection and small intracerebral hemorrhage nearby in the temporoparietal cortex beneath the skull defect. He underwent surgery under general anesthesia at 8 hours after the seizure and was discharged from the hospital after 10 days. This report documents the first case of generalized seizure that was caused by the accidental intracerebral injection of local anesthetics. Although the patient recovered completely, the clinical implications regarding the scalp infiltration technique in a patient with skull defects are discussed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.582-585
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• 2016

This study intends to provide initial evacuation distances for the public in case of accidental releases of hydrogen fluoride (HF). HF is a very toxic chemical that is widely used in the chemical, electrical, and electronics industries. Consequence modeling programs, such as ALOHA and PHAST, were used to help formulate a contingency plan in case of an HF leak. For the purpose of this study, the release of entire quantity of HF in 10 min is defined as a worst-case scenario and the release from a partial line rupture is used as an alternative case scenario as National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS) guidelines. Once the discharge rates were calculated based on the scenarios, the ERPG-2 endpoint distances have been obtained for representative daytime and nighttime weather conditions. This paper presents graphs that can be used to enact swift evacuation orders and emergency response plans in the case of accidental releases of HF.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-38
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• 2022

Many commonly used household chemicals and medical eye drops look alike, resulting in a worldwide increase in incidences of accidents caused by confusion between similar-looking agents. In this case report, we present two patients who visited the emergency department following inadvertent instillation of tinea pedis treatment solution instead of eye drops. Both patients developed corneal chemical burns following the accidental application. Notably, the visual acuity and symptoms eventually recovered for both patients after hospitalization. However, complete recovery occurred only after several weeks. Both patients were relatively old and had been prescribed eye drops after previous ophthalmic surgery. Since the eye is a sensory organ that receives visual information, ocular injuries significantly affect the quality of life and social functioning of the patient. Incidences of accidental misidentification of eye drops are steadily increasing in South Korea; unfortunately, regulatory policies are unavailable to avoid such hazards. Therefore, physicians should be mindful of the potential risks associated with misidentification of everyday household products and must spend time educating patients when prescribing eye drops. Policy regulations are warranted for products with containers that resemble eye drop bottles. Such items need to be clearly labeled with additional warnings to prevent misidentification and accidental ocular instillation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.490-493
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• 2016

Electronic cigarettes are novel tobacco products that are frequently used these days. The cartridge contains liquid nicotine and accidental poisoning, even with a small oral dose, endangers children. We present here a mortality case of a 15-month-old child who ingested liquid nicotine mistaking it for cold medicine. When the emergency medical technicians arrived, she was found to have pulseless electrical activity. Spontaneous circulation was restored after approximately 40 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The cotinine level in her urine was 1,716 ng/mL. Despite intensive supportive care, severe anoxic brain injury was found on computed tomography and the child ultimately died. This fatality highlights the need for public health efforts to minimize such accidents.