• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.10
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• pp.19-33
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• 1992

This paper was investigated to know that the effect and mode of action of essential oil of Acorus calamus L. and Acours gramineus Soland on motility of isolated rabbit jejunum segment. The results were as follows : 1. Both essential oil of Acorus calamus L. and Acorus gramineus Soland were showed relaxant effect on motility of isolated rabbit jejunum segment and this relaxant effect was augmentated in proportion to increase of concentration of essential oil. 2. ED 50 of essential oil of Acorus calamus L. and Acorus gramineus Soland were 0.0045%, 0.0035%, respectively. 3. The relaxed rabbit jejunum segments by eseential oil of Acorus calamus L. and Acorus gramineus Soland were recovered by carbachol, pilocarpine, and barium chloride but partially recovered by histamine. 4. The contracted rabbit jejunum segmants by carbachol, pilocarpine, histamine and barium chloride were relaxed by essential oil of Acorus calamus L. and Acorus gramineus Soland. In conclusion, it is thought that essential oil of Acorus calamus L. and Acorus gramineus Soland were relaxed the motility of isolated rabbit jejunum segment by neurotropic and musculotropic action.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.168-173
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine biological characteristics of Acorus calamus L. angustatus by using aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts from the leaves and the rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. angustatus plants. The highest total phenol contents were found in the extracts from the leaves of Acorus calamus L. angustatus ($68.4mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) followed by rhizome ($49.3mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). At $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ the free radical scavenging activity of 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl showed the highest activity in the extracts of the leaves and the rhizomes by 86.3% and 86.1%, respectively. Total flavonoid contents at $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ extracts showed the greatest amount in the aqueous leaf extracts ($61.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), and the ethanol rhizome extracts ($15.4mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). Nitrite radical scavenging activity at $2,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was highest in the methanol extracts from leaves and rhizomes by 75.7% and 77.9%, respectively. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity of leaves and rhizome from the Acorus calamus L. angustatus was very low, showing less than 1.3% regardless of the extract solvent, plant part, and concentration. These results indicated that methanol extracts from leaves exhibited higher biological activities than other extracts from rhizomes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2000

This study has been carried out to investigate the chemical composition of Acorus calamus L., a wild plant (Chang Po) which has long been used as a medicine or a hair rinse in Korea and China. Potassium was found to be the most predominant mineral in leaf and root, followed by calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, in a decreasing order. Contents of potassium in leaf and root account for 54a.65 mg% and 242.87 mg%, respectively. Contents of these minerals in leaf were higher value than that in root. Glucose and fructose were found to be the major free sugars in leaf and root. Malic acid was the most abundant organic acid of leaf and root, and followed by citric acid. Fourteen different kinds of fatty acids were identified from the leaf and root. Content of unsaturated fatty acids. such as linolenic, and linoleic acid ware higher than that of saturated fatty acids. Content of total amino acids was 3 times higher in leaf than that in root. Leucine was the major amino acid in leaf and glutamic acid in root.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.375-379
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• 2002

This study has been carried out to investigate the food chemical composition in dried powder of main and lateral root of Acorus calamus L. Content of crude protein and crude fat in dried powder of main and lateral root were 12.76% and 9.84%, 7.43% and 3.42%, respectively. Total and reducing sugar of main and lateral root were 21.99％ and 7.67%, 24.12% and 0.65%. Major free sugars of root were sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, glucose and fructose. Sucrose of main and latent not were found to be the most predominant free sugars, contained 10.85 ％ and 1257%. Content of total amino acid were 427 mg% of main mot and 470 mg% of lateral root. Major total amino acids of root were arginine, glutamic acid, major free amino acids of main and lateral root were detected asparagine, arginine, glutamic acid and phenylalanine, respectively. Among the essential amino acids, the content of threonine was the highest (15.62 mg%) in main root and phenylalanine was the highest (12.67 mg%) in lateral root.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1547-1553
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• 2011

An effective analytical method of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the rapid determination of essential oils in the crude extract of Acorus species (Acorus gramineus, Acorus tatarinowii, and Acorus calamus). Major phenypropanoids (${\beta}$,${\alpha}$-asarone isomers, euasarone, and methyleugenol) and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene in Acorus species were used as marker compounds and determined for the quality control of herbal medicines. To extract marker compounds, various extraction techniques such as solvent immersion, mechanical shaking, and sonication were compared, and the greatest efficiency was observed with sonication extraction using petroleum ether. The dynamic range of the GC/MS method depended on the specific analyte; acceptable quantification was obtained between 10 and 2000 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\beta}$-asarone, 10 and 500 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\alpha}$-asarone, 10 and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ for methyleugenol, and between 5 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\beta}$-caryophyllene. The method was deemed satisfactory by inter- and intra-day validation and exhibited both high accuracy and precision, with a relative standard deviation < 10%. Overall limits of detection were approximately 0.34-0.83 ${\mu}g/mL$, with a standard deviation (${\sigma}$)-to-calibration slope (s) ratio (${\sigma}$/s) of 3. The limit of quantitation in our experiments was approximately 1.13-3.20 ${\mu}g/mL$ at a ${\sigma}$/s of 10. On the basement of method validation, 20 samples of Acorus species collected from markets in Korea were monitored for the quality control. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed on the analytical data of 20 different Acorus species samples in order to classify samples that were collected from different regions.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.380-384
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• 2002

This study has been carried out to investigate the composition of fatty Acids, organic acids, minerals, vitamin C, total phenolics and saponin in 30$\^{C}$ hot air dried powder of main and lateral root of Acorus calamus L. Major saturated fatty acids were identified caprylic acid, pentadecanoic acid, stearic acid and heneicosanoic acid, etc.. Content of caprylic acid in main and lateral root were 28.35% and 31.44%. Unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, palmitoeic acid and linoleic acid was highly contented, linoleic acid was highest contented 25.55% in main root and 23.43% in lateral root. Succinic acid was the most abundant organic acid of root content of main and lateral root were 2,790 mg% and 2,630 mg%. Potassium was found to be the mon predominant mineral in root, followed by calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, in a order. Contents of potassium in main and lateral root account for 194 mg% and 454 mg%, respectively. Contents of these minerals in lateral root were higher value than that in main root. Contents of ascorbic acid and total phenolics were 113.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g and 463 mg％ in main root, 125.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g and 474 mg% in lateral root, respectively. Crude saponin content of main and lateral mot were high level amount, 2.51 ％ and 3.39 %.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.55-55
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• 2002

Occurrences of diseased sweet flag (Acorus calamus L. var. asiaticus) were found in Chonju and Buan Province, on August 2002. The typical symptoms of the disease affected the leaves, pods, and collar of the infected plants. The leaves or pods became darker brown, then dry rotted, and white fluffy mycelia formed on the lesion. The collar, of the infected plants, formed black spot. The spores grew rapidly on PDA medium. Pathogenic fungi have not been identified clearly, as of yet. These fungi were formed from developed spores, as well as, undeveloped spores. These fungi suggest that Fusarium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp.. The range of temperatures were tested from 5$^{\circ}C$ to 35$^{\circ}C$ for mycelial growth. The optimum temperature for growth was 3$0^{\circ}C$. This is the first report on the fungus disease of sweet flag by some pathogens, in Korea. We would like to do further research for single spore isolation, pathogenity, and characterization of fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1451-1457
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• 2007

The physical and chemical characteristics of powders from hot air and freeze dried leaves and roots of Acorous calamus L. were investigated. Two parts, upper and lower, of leaves, and two kinds of roots, 4 and 6 years old, were dried at 30 and $40^{\circ}C$, freeze-dried, and ground to make powder. Contents of moisture, ash, crude fat, and crude protein in freeze dried powder of upper leaf were 4.87%, 6.73%, 2.22%, and 3.57%, respectively. Water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) in freeze dried powder of lower and upper leaves were 8.476 and 0.077 g/mL. Contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in freeze dried powder of upper leaves were 12.18, 16.86, and 29.11 mg/100 g, respectively. Contents of total and reducing sugar in freeze dried powder of 4 and 6 years roots were $111.89{\sim}119.21$ ppm and $5.02{\sim}5.22$ ppm, $109.92{\sim}114.65$ ppm and $5.21{\sim}5.32ppm$. Contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids in freeze dried powder of upper leaf were 125.02 and $21.02{\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1022-1029
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• 2018

This study was carried out to search for the anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts obtained from 5 kinds of oriental medical plant; Pleuropterus multiflorus extract (PME), Acorus calamus L. extract (ACE), Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc. extract (LEE), Xanthium strumarium L. extract (XSE), Lonicera japonica extract (LJE), which have traditionally been used as a drug in oriental medical plants in Korea. XSE showed cytotoxicity at 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in RAW264.7 cells (p<0.05) and ACE showed cytotoxicity at $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in RAW264.7 cells (p<0.05). But other oriental medical plants did not showed cytotoxicity was observed in RAW264.7 cells below $200{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. These extracts at non-toxic concentrations showed anti-inflammatory effects. PME, ACE, XSE and LJE showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on NO production and $PGE_2$ production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In particular, XSE showed the highest NO production inhibition ($52.9{\mu}g/ml$, $IC_{50}$) as well as the highest $PGE_2$ production inhibition at $50{\mu}g/ml$ (73.6%). ACE and LEE showed cell proliferation effects on HaCaT keratinocyte cells. Especially, LEE showed 21.1, 53.5 and 99.6% proliferative activity by incubation for 1, 3, 5days at $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. ACE also showed 11.2, 26.0% proliferative activity for 1day and 3days at $10{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. As a result of this study, ethanol extracts obtained from 5 kinds of oriental medical plant showed anti-inflammatory activity and HaCaT cell regeneration effect.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2012

This study was carried out to illiminate the diversity of vascular plants by making list of rheophyte and hydorphyte plants at Yugu stream. This study was conducted from Aug., 2009 to Sept. 2010 at 7 points. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants from investigated areas were 88 families 229 genera 290 species 3 subspecies 30 varieties 5 forms, totally 328 taxa. Korean endemic plants were 3 species such as Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai (planted) and Paulownia coreana Uyeki (planted), and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey. The rare and endangered plants were designated by Korea Forest Service were 4 taxa, such as Penthorum chinense Pursh, Acorus calamus L., Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc. and Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai. Floristic special plants were totally 26 taxa, which were grade V of 2 taxa, grade IV of 2 taxa and grade III of 9 taxa. Naturalized plants were 27 taxa, that was 8.3% of whole discovered vascular plants in this area. Even naturalized plants has not influence on the vegetation of Yugu stream. Since village was composed along the stream and the roads and banks were linked, naturalized plants were flowed continuously into this region. So, strategy of the conservation for this region should be designed. Based on flora, 3 types of group were discriminated such as main stream type (4 points), branch stream type (2 points) and reservior type (1 point). Each group has difference in composition of plants.