• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.380-385
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• 2010

Several theoretical acoustic scattering models were applied to estimate the target strength (TS) for assessing the biomass of zooplankton, to overcome the difficulty of direct measurements. Acoustical scattering characteristics of copepods were estimated using three theoretical models, and the application of the models was evaluated for four frequencies of a scientific echo sounder. The scattering directivity by the body shapes of copepods at 200 kHz and 420 kHz was significantly affected by TS patterns. Averaged TS, however, were similar at higher frequencies. Consequently, a low frequency model, such as a truncated fluid sphere model, provides a good acoustical biomass estimation. The regressions of TS and 30 logL were < $TS_{200\;kHz}$ >= 30logL-118.4 ($R^2=0.716$) and < $TS_{420 kHz}$ > =30 logL-108.8 ($R^2=0.758$), respectively.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2E
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• pp.60-68
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• 2006

High-frequency bistatic scattering measurements from a corrugated surface were made in an acoustic water tank. First the azimuthal scattering pattern was measured from an artificially corrugated surface which has varying impedance. The corrugated surface was installed both transverse to the direction of incident wave and longitudinal to the direction of incident wave. The angle between the corrugated surface and the direction of the incident wave was about $45^{\circ}$. Second, the scattering strengths were measured from the flat sediment and the corrugated sediment. A critical angle of about $37^{\circ}$ was calculated in the acoustic water tank. The measurements were made at three fixed grazing angles: $33^{\circ}$ (lower than critical angle), $37^{\circ}$ (critical angle), and $41^{\circ}$ (higher than critical angle). The scattering angle and the grazing angle are equal in each measurement. Frequencies were from 50 kHz to 100 kHz with an increment of 1 kHz. The corrugated sediment was made transverse to the direction of the incident wave. The first measurement indicates that the scattering patterns depend on the relations between the corrugated surface and the direction of the incident wave. In the second measurement, the data measured from the flat sediment were compared to the APL-UW model and to the NRL model. The NRL model's output shows more favorable comparisons than the APL-UW model. In case of the corrugated sediment, the model and the measured data are different because the models used an isotropic wave spectrum of sediment roughness in the scattering calculations. The isotropic wave spectrum consists of $w_2$ and ${\gamma}_2$. These constants derived from sediment names or bulk size. The model which used the constants didn't consider the effect of a corrugated surface. In order to consider a corrugated surface, the constants were varied in the APL-UW model.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2009

Recently, wide spread distribution of the giant jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai, has occurred in the East China Sea. This increased distribution has caused serious problems in inshore and offshore fisheries in Korea and Japan. As a result, it is necessary to evaluate the damage caused to the fisheries by jellyfish. Accordingly, several hydroacoustic studies have been conducted to estimate the target strength (TS) of the giant jellyfish. However, the effects of fluctuation in the acoustic scattering characteristics on swimming patterns have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we theoretically estimated the effects of changes in the acoustic scattering pattern on the swimming behavior of jellyfish using the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) model. The results confirmed that acoustic scattering of jellyfish results in a significant change in their swimming pattern. Specifically, our theoretical estimation indicated that the TS of giant jellyfish (d=40 cm) fluctuated until 8.5 dB at 38 kHz, 13.8 dB at 70 kHz, and 15.1 dB at 120 kHz based on changes in their swimming patterns.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 2015

Controlled broadband acoustic scattering laboratory experiments were conducted using a linear chirp signal (95-220 kHz), and x-ray images of live and model fish with an artificial swim bladder were analyzed to investigate the changes in orientation and frequency dependence of target strength (TS) due to morphological differences in fish swim bladders. The broadband echoes from live and model fish were measured over an orientation angle range of ${\pm}45^{\circ}$ in the dorsal plane and in approximately $1^{\circ}$ increments. The location of nulls in the simulated echo response of the SINC [sinc function] model was overlaid on the TS map, showing the orientation and frequency dependence of fish TS, and they matched very well. It was possible to infer the equivalent fish scattering size (or swim bladder) using the null spacing in the experimentally obtained broadband TS map. Good agreement was observed for inferring the equivalent scattering size between the SINC model and the broadband echoes measured for the three fish species (black scraper Thamnaconus modestus; goldeye rockfish Sebastes thompsoni; and whitesaddled reef fish Chromis notatus). Some results of this inference are discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 2018

In this paper, an integrated analysis model for evaluating the underwater acoustic performance of the multilayered acoustic coatings containing visco-elastic composite layers with hollow glass microspheres is described. The model uses the effective medium theory considering the acoustic scattering and resonance effects of the inclusions. Also, the model incorporates the compressive deformation mechanism associated with hydrostatic pressure. The technique developed in this work was used as the acoustic layer design and performance analysis tools for the practical hull coatings and acoustic baffles in Korean next generation submarines.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1165-1173
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• 2003

The effects of (1) phonon dispersion on thermal conductivity model and (2) differentiation of group velocity and phase velocity are examined for germanium. The results show drastic change of thermal conductivity regardless of the same relaxation time model. Also the contribution of transverse acoustic (TA) phonon and longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon on the thermal conductivity at high temperatures is reassessed by considering more rigorous dispersion model. Holland model, which is commonly used for modeling thermal conductivity, underestimates the scattering rate for TA phonon at high frequency. This leads the conclusion that TA is dominant heat transfer mode at high temperatures. But according to the rigorous consideration of phonon dispersion, the reduction of thermal conductivity is much larger than the estimation of Holland model, thus the TA at high frequency is expected to be no more dominant heat transfer mode. Another heat transfer mechanism may exist at high temperatures. Two possible explanations we the roles of (1) Umklapp scattering of LA phonon at high frequency and (2) optical phonon.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.1627-1632
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• 2003

The effect of (1) phonon dispersion in thermal conductivity model and (2) the differentiation of group velocity and phase velocity for Ge is examined. The results show drastic change of thermal conductivity regardless of using same relaxation time model. Also the contribution of transverse acoustic (TA) phonon and longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon is changed by considering more rigorous dispersion model. Holland model underestimates the scattering rate for high frequency TA, so misleading conclusion, i.e. TA is dominant heat transfer mode at high temperature. But the actual reduction of thermal conductivity is much larger than the estimation by Holland model and high frequency TA is no more dominant heat transfer mode. Another heat transfer mechanism may exist for high temperature. Two possible explanations are (1) high frequency LA by Umklapp scattering and (2) optical phonon.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.449-455
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• 1997

A theoretical study is presented for the prediction of the scattering of obliquely incident plane acoustic wave by transversely isotropic cylindrical shells immersed in water. In dorder to illustrate the vailidity of the theory backscattering form functions are compared with the existing results for degenerated problems: the catterings by isotropic shell and transversely isotropic solid cylinder. The unidirectional fiber reinforced boron-aluminum composites are selected as a model of transversely isotropic materials having potential applications in practice. From the resonant scattering analysis of the partial backscattering form functions, the dispersion curves for fluid-borne Stoneley wave, guided wave along the shell, and the lowest three Lamb type waves can be found. The Lamb type dispersions are compared with those of the flat plate. The variation of anisotropy significantly affects the properties of circumferential waves. From these results, it can be possible to identify parametrically the material properties of anisotropic cylindrical targets.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11b
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• pp.90-93
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• 2005

Power Flow Boundary Element Method(PFBEM) has been used as a promising tool for radiation problems in the midium-to-high frequency. PFBEM is the numerical method that applies boundary element technique to Power Flow Analysis (PFA). Indirect PFBEM is developed for acoustic scattering problems in the open field and in various frequency. To verify the analytic results of indirect PFBEM for acoustic scattering problems are compared with those of SYSNOISE, and the results using two analytic methods show a good agreement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.551-555
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• 2014

ADCPs have been widely used to estimate the dynamic characteristics and biomass of sound scattering layers (SSLs), and swimming speed of fish schools for analyzing SSLs spatial distribution and/or various behavior patterns. This result showed that the verification of the mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS or averaged SV, dB) acquired by the ADCP would be necessary for a quantitative analysis on the spatial distribution and the biomass estimation of the SSLs or fish school when ADCP is used for estimating their biomass. In addition, the calibrated sphere method was used to verify values of each MVBS obtained from 4 beams of ADCP (153.6 kHz) on the base of 3 frequencies (38, 120, 200 kHz) of Scientific echo sounder's split beam system. Then, the measured SV values were compared and analyzed in its Target Strength (TS, dB) values estimated by a theoretical acoustic scattering model.