• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 2004

We investigated the residual amounts of endosulfan and procymidone taken by vegetables grown in hydroponics culture and field conditions treated with the pesticides in order to evaluate safe cultivation concentration of the pesticides in the vegetables. Endosulfan and procymidone were selected as test pesticides because they have been reported to frequently detect in agricultural products at different concentrations. In hydroponic culture, by Chinese cabbage, procymidone was absorbed 3.8 times higher than endosulfan. The higher the pesticide concentration get, the worse the plant grew. In soil treated with 10 mg/kg of endosulfan, the pesticide absorbed by Leafy radish, Chinese cabbage and radish was less then their MRLs. In case of carlot, the residue level in soil which did not exceed its MRL was 1 mg/kg. The concentrations of procymidone in soil which did not exceed the MRLs in Leafy radish, Chinese cabbage, radish and carrot were 10, 10, 2 and 1 mg/kg, respectively Usually aged endosulfan and procymidone residues were less absorbed into crops than the fresh ones. Chinese cabbage absorbed more endosulfan and pocymidone than leafy radish, radish doing more than carrot.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 1999

In order to elucidate the fate of the residues of the bipyridylium herbicide paraquat in soil, maize plants were grown for 4 weeks on the specially-made pots filled with two different types of soils containing fresh and 6-week-aged residues of [$^{14}C$]paraquat, respectively. The mineralization of [$^{14}C$]paraquat to $^{14}CO_{2}$ during the aging period and the cultivation period of maize plants amounted to $0.13{\sim}0.18%$ and $0.02{\sim}0.17%$, respectively, of the original $^{14}C$ activities. At harvest the roots and shoots contained less than 0.1% and 0.01% of the originally applied $^{14}C$ activities, respectively, whereas the $^{14}C$ activities remaining in soil were more than 97% in both soils. The water extractability of the soil where maize plants were grown for 4 weeks was less than 1.2% of the original $^{14}C$ activities. Most of the non-extractable soil-bound residues of [$^{14}C$]paraquat were incorporated into the humin fraction. Soil pHs during the aging of soil B and after cultivation in all treatments increased. The distribution of the $^{14}C$ activities in subcellular particles of the maize plant roots was the highest in the residue fraction(incompletely homogenized tissue). Dehydrogenase activities increased after vegetation, regardless of soil aging.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2009

Purpose: A lower facial contouring surgery has become a commonly performed procedure in Asia. Currently, mandibular angle sagittal ostectomy and botulinum toxin type A treatment are main procedures for aesthetic correction of a broad lower face. There are a few date to show the differences in the mandibular contouring changes between mandibular angle splitting ostectomy and botulinum toxin type A treatment. Facial golden mask is easy to apply, inexpensive, and relatively objective for evaluation of facial contour analysis. This study was designed specifically to compare the changes in lower face width after two different forms of lower facial contouring procedure using facial golden mask. Methods: Seventeen patients, aged 18 to 55 years (mean, 28.6 years), 15 women and 2 men, consented to the study and receive a contouring procedure of lower face. The patients were classified in to 2 groups. In group A, the sample consisted of 10 patients with a prominent squared mandibular angle and mandibular angle splitting ostectomy was performed. In group B, the sample consisted of 7 patients with masseteric hypertrophy and botulinum toxin type A treatment was performed. Photographs of the face were taken to record the facial change at preoperative and postoperative. The postoperative photographs were taken to considered maximal effect at 2 years after surgery in group A and 4.8 months after treatment in group B. The authors applied the facial golden mask to preoperative and postoperative photographs and horizontal ratio, which compares facial width with golden mask width, were calculated. We made an analysis of the result of horizontal ratio using SPSS. Results: Overall average horizontal ratio of pre- and postoperative photos of group A were 1.24 and 1.11, whereas overall average horizontal ratio of pre- and postoperative photos of group B were 1.19 and 1.12. The horizontal ratio decreased 10.24% in group A and 5.93% in group B. There was a statistically significant change in before and after treatment, but there was no significant change in comparing the group A and group B. Conclusions: The result from this study suggest that mandibular angle sagittal ostectomy and botulinum toxin type A treatment showed relatively satisfactory clinical effects on lower facial contouring treatment. There was no statistical significant difference within two lower facial contouring treatment. Facial golden mask is easy to apply, inexpensive, and relatively objective, so we think that facial golden mask is a good method for evaluation of lower facial contouring treatment.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to investigate the policy implication and a usage model for aging workforces of research and development field in the era of working age population decline and the introduction of the retirement age legislation. In spite the importance of the use for aging workforces of R&D, previous studies have not been taken in terms of R&D workforces. In addition, the activated policies and services was implemented for the aged and retired people. Therefore, we suggested the usage model in four folds: 1) internal employment model, which is to hire and employ pre-retired active workforces by their retirement age, 2) internal and external linkage model, which is to make them to depart from their previous workplaces and move them to new workplaces where they can apply their knowledge and skills, 3) extending retirement age model, which is to expand their age limit and provide their job opportunities after they left their work, and 4) ouplacement model, which is to provide them with employment information and service as well as operate the educational programs before they leave the workpalce. Finally, we suggested the update of legislation and law for old workers, government supports for retiring workforces, and the conversation and compromise between R&D workforces and managers of workplaces.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.404-415
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• 2000

This paper describes several performances and nondestructive inspection for deterioration due to forest fires in overhead transmission lines. After discussing corrosion mechanism such as atmospheric and galvanic corrosion for aged ACSR conductors and its detection for them are presented. Through impedance analysis of a solenoid coil, it is shown that the eddy current sensor may be available to inspect severe fault or local corrosion. As the solenoid coil changes its impedance when the test conductor is inserted into the coil, it can be possible to measure deterioration degree caused by forest fires. Tensile strength, extension rate and sensor impedance are tested for some samples degraded by artificial fire. As increasing blazed period to some extent, the strength of aluminum strand begins to be reduced remarkably, while galvanized steel strand holds the similar strength to the initial value, despite of appearing a little loss of zinc layer. In general, it is shown that the sensor impedance would be increased while the tension load of conductor is reduced and the extension rate is contrarily increased. Therefore, the sensor output could exhibit the changes of mechanical performances, and would be used to detect such deterioration caused by forest fire in ACSR conductors built on the ridge of mountains. Finally, it was verified that the solenoid coil could be applicable to obtain any crucial inform for serious deterioration due to forest fires.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.219-224
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• 2011

The health status of three groups of Hanwoo steers (n=157) aged 2-3 years, raised at three different altitudes (600 m, n=50; 200-400 m, n=58; plane land, n=49) and environment with more or less similar management have been evaluated through hematological, biochemical and globulin examinations in order to determine the optimum environment suitable for raising cattle while at the same time minimizing the risk of disease. Five mL of blood samples from each animal were collected by jugular veinipuncture and 2 mL was transferred to a tube containing EDTA for complete blood count (CBC) and 3 mL in lithium heparin for chemistry screening (CS) and immunoassay. Among the CBC parameters a significantly higher white blood cell count (tWBC), total red blood cell count (tRBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) were noticed in the high altitude groups, whereas those were lower in the plane land group. In the CS parameters higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin (TBL) were found in the plane land group, whereas those were lower in the high altitude groups. The total protein (significantly) and globulins were higher in the 600 m group. The results of this study revealed that the overall health status of the Hanwoo cattle based on the hemato-biochemical indices was superior in the highest altitude and inferior in the plane land group but all the parameters were within the reference range in all the groups. Therefore, for recommendation of a suitable environment at an appropriate altitude for raising cattle there need to be further studied along with the hemato-biochemical parameters; considering, breeding, feeding, management, marketing, waste disposal and other factors.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.89-108
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was to investigate the relation of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) and Diagnos system of oriental medicine(DSOM) in the Insomnia Patients. Methods: For this study, we carried out PSQI and DSOM of 92 patients with insomnia who have come to Kijang public health center and Donguei oriental hospital of Donguei university from November 2008 to October 2009. We verified the association of PSQI and DSOM using crosstabulation analysis, independent sample T-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. Results: 1. Blood-deficiency(血虛) is the most frequent pathogenic factor and frequency of nightmare has positive correlation with that factor including heart(心) in total insomnia patients. 2. Female patients have a higher percentage of chronic insomnia than male patients. 3. As patients aged, maintaining sleep gets harder, sleep time is lessening, taking hypnotics is increasing and quality of sleep gets worse. 4. There is high frequency of chronic insomnia in 40~50 years and over 60 years old. Also, the people who are over 60 years of age tend to sleepless and urinated frequently during the middle of the night. The people with the age of 20~30 years tend to take less sleeping pills and frequency of sleeping during daytime is higher than the other age groups but the quality of sleep is quite good. 5. The patient with over 6 months of chronic insomnia tend to be older in age than the patient with less than 6 months. And the patient with chronic sleeping disorder has frequent pain and the quality of sleep is very poor. 6. The patient who took hypnotics tend to be older than hypnotics non-user and frequency of urination was relatively high. 7. The patient who visited oriental medical hospital were tend to be older and get difficult in maintaining sleep. And frequency of taking hypnotics and urinating during night were tend to be higher and the quality of sleep was poor compared with the patient who visited public health center. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the complicated relations of the associated symptom of insomnia with Diagnos system of oriental medicine. And especially this study showed apparent correlation between nightmare in insomnia patients and pathogenic factor of blood-deficiency and heart. Specific correlations and characteristics in this study could be connect develop of new questionaire of insomnia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of back muscle stretching on the flexibility of spinal column. Methods : The subjects were consisted of healthy adults (18 of females, 22 males ; mean aged 21.83) from 18 to 29. All subjects randomly assigned to the control group, back muscle stretching group. back muscle stretching group received back muscles stretching for 20 minutes per day and 3 times a week during 3 week period. Spine motion analyzer (Spinal Mouse) was used to measure the flexibility of spinal column. All measurement of each subjects were measured at pre-experiment, after 10 days, and after 21 days. Results : The results of this study were summarized below 1. The sacral tilt angle of the hip joint of control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the sacral tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group rather than the control group. 2. The thoracic vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 3. The lumbar vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 4. The spinal tilt angle of control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the spinal tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group rather than the control group(p>0.5). 5. The length of the spinal column of control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days (p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the length of the spinal column significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group rather than the control group(p<0.5). Conclusion : These data suggests that 3-week back muscle stretching improved the flexibility of sacrum, spinal column, and also improved spinal column lengthening. Additional randomized controlled trials to more fully investigate treatment effects and factors that may mediate these effects are needed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2017

Purpose: Influenza vaccination coverage in adolescents is an important goal of informed vaccination policies and programs. This study aimed to estimate the influenza vaccination coverage rate and investigate the factors influencing influenza vaccination coverage in Korean adolescents. Methods: The study population consisted of 5,213 adolescents (aged 12 to 18 years) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2014 (except for 2013). We analyzed influenza vaccination coverage in relation to the demographics, lifestyle, and medical characteristics of the participants. Results: The influenza vaccination coverage rate, during the study period, was 23.2% (range, 21.1% to 24.7%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that factors influencing influenza vaccination were elementary school age (odds ratio [OR], 1.706; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.526 to 1.906), good self-rated health status (OR, 1.192; 95% CI, 1.057 to 1.344), a drinking status of non-drinker (OR, 1.769; 95% CI, 1.474 to 2.122), a smoking status of non-smoker (OR, 1.459; 95% CI, 1.144 to 1.860), and a past diagnosis of pneumonia (OR, 1.469; 95% CI, 1.076 to 2.006). Conclusions: Influenza vaccination coverage in Korean adolescents is relatively low. Special efforts are needed to increase vaccination coverage for adolescent groups with low vaccination rates including adolescent smokers and drinkers, middle and high school age adolescents, and adolescents with a poor self-rated health status.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

Purpose: We investigated the effectiveness of the delta neutrophil index (DNI) for the prediction of neonatal bacteremia and compared it to other indices. Methods: A total of 146 pediatric patients, aged less than 31 days, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital with fever before or during hospitalization were enrolled in this study. We divided the patients into two groups based on the existence of neonatal bacteremia and performed blood culture tests on both groups. We examined white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, DNI, platelet count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) test. We used a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate their diagnostic significance. Results: Seventy-seven patients were diagnosed with neonatal bacteremia. The mean gestational age was 38.74 weeks and the mean birth weight was 3.20 kg. The mean gestational age of the control group was 33.34 weeks and the mean birth weight was 2.20 kg. Causative organisms of bacteremia included Staphylococcus aureus (n=22), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=18), and Streptococcus agalactiae (n=8). Both DNI and CRP were significantly associated with neonatal bacteremia after adjusting for gestational age and birth weight. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for DNI (0.70) was higher than that for CRP (0.68). Conclusions: The DNI can be used to effectively predict neonatal bacteremia. The prediction will be more accurate if DNI is used in conjunction with other indices. In future, it will be useful to compare DNI with other indices and investigate its relationship with prognosis.