• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.340-345
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• 2003

In order to choose the manufacturing method for extracting alginates from sea tangle, Laminaria japonica, three methods were applied. In Method I, alginates were extracted with NaOH solution from sea tangle powder and extracted alginates were precipitated and converted to alginic acid by $CaCl_2$ and HCI solution. Then alginic acid was converted to sodium alginates with $Na_2CO_3$ solution. Sodium alginates were precipitated with methyl alcohol and were resolved with hot water and this step was repeated three times. Method II was same to Method I except final step including that sodium alginates were precipitated and washed with methyl alcohol three times. Method III included that sodium alginates were extracted with $Na_2CO_3$ solution from sea tangle powder then sodium alginates were precipitated and washed with methyl alcohol three time. Extracting time increased with Increasing extracted alginates amounts but increasing rates were below $0.4\%/h.$ Alginates amounts recovered by Method III showed above 2 times more to those by Method I and II. Extracting time increased with increasing ash amount of sodium alginates but increasing rates were below $0.1\%/h.$ and that of sodium alginates extracted by Method III showed higher value $(5\%)$ than those by Method I and II. In the sodium alginates prepared by Method III, the amount of ash in alginates dried by air was $34.4\%,$ that by vacuum freeze drying was $47.8\%.$ Extracting time increased with decreasing average molecular weight (MW) and degree of polymerization (DP) of sodium alginates, MW and DP of alginates prepared by Method III were higher than those by Method I and II In same extracting time. Extracting time increased with decreasing rate of apparent viscosity change (SAV) of alginates solution, and SAV of alginates prepared by Method III showed higher value than those by Method I and II in same extracting time. SAV of alginates dried by air was higher than that by vacuum freeze drying. Relating equation among SAV MW and DP were MW = 60.066 (SAV) -93.950, DP =309.760 (SAV) -485.084 and MW = 0.914 (DP)+0.213.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

In preparing sodium alginates from sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) powder using the Mexican process, alkaline extraction, conversion to alginic acid and reversion to sodium alginates were used to increase purity. The effect of hot water treatment and dialysis on measuring the average molecular weight of sodium alginates were investigated. Intrinsic viscosity and average molecular weight of sodium alginates after dialysis were higher than those before dialysis. Average molecular weight of sodium alginates treated with hot water was higher than that without. Hot treatment has little effect on the ash content of sodium alginates. Ash content of sodium alginates before dialysis were $27-30\%$ those after dialysis were $10\%.$ After dialysis, Na content was highest $(89-91\%),$ K was $11-12\%,$ Ca was $1.9\%,$ and Mg was $0.05\%.$ Ash content of alginates had little effect on average molecular weight. SAV (slope of apparent viscosity) of alginates solution after dialysis showed higher values than before. SAV of the alginates with hot water treatment were higher than without treatment.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2002

국내산 송이의 특징인 송이 향을 효과적으로 보존할 수 있는 방법을 개발하기 위하여 알긴산으로 송이 향의 주된 성분인 1-oc-ten-3-ol을 캡슐화 공정과 송이 향의 잔존량에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 분무건조를 위한 alginates의 점도는 350cp 이하가 되어야 하므로, alginates 용액의 점도를 낮추기 위하여 첨가한 citric acid 량이 증가할수록 점도는 낮아졌으며, 또한 $0.1\%의 농도에서 150cp 이하의 점도를 나타내었다. 1-octen-3-ol과 유화제를 첨가하여 에멀젼시킨 alginates 용액의 점도는 에멀젼시키기 전의 점도보다 높았지만 150cp 이하를 나타내 분무 건조 공정에는 영향이 없었다. alginates 용액의 점도가 낮을수록 용액의 EAI는 증가하였으나 ESI는 감소하였고 캡슐의 1-octen-3-of의 잔존량이 감소하였다. alginates 용액의 점도를 낮추는 공정에서 citric acid 첨가 후 가열시간이 길어질수록 점도는 급격히 감소하였고 에멀전 전후의 점도는 큰 차이 없었다 생송이를 알긴 산용액으로 캡슐화할 때 첨가되는 대두유의 량이 많을수록 1-oc-ten-3-ol의 잔존량이 많았다. 생송이를 alginates용액으로 캡슐화한 후 진공동결건조한 캡슐이 풍건한 것보다 1-octen-3-ol의 잔존량이 많았다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.542-548
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• 2018

We investigated the effects of Na-alginates's average molecular weight (AMW), their concentrations and divalent metal ions on hydrophobic interaction of solution of Na-alginates in sea tangle produced Saccharina japonicus in East Coast of Korea. As the AMWs of Na-alginates decreased, the formations rates of hydrophobic micro domains and pre-micelles between intermoleculars of Na-alginates were increased. The pre-micelles between Na-alginates chains fully were formed when their concentrations reached 0.2%. In the effects of $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ and $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ on the hydrophobicity of Na-alginates solution, when the AMWs of Na-alginates were increased, the formation rates of hydrophobic micro domains produced by $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ and $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ in alginates chains were increased. When $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ and $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ concentrations that were needed to form gels of alginates solutions were insufficient, the formations of pre-micelle in alginates having large AMW were more incomplete than those of small AMW. In the increasing range from 0.01 to 0.1 mM in divalent metal ion concentration, the formation rate of pre-micelle in alginates solution added $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ were more faster than that of $Mg^{{+}{+}}$.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.226-231
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• 2005

To investigate the physical properties of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) alginates, extracted by the Mexican process, the effects of extracting time and drying methods on intrinsic viscosities, MWs and DPs of alginates were examined. The MWs of alginates before and after dialysis decreased with increase of extracting time. The MW s before dialysis were lower than those after dialysis. The ash contents before dialysis decreased with increase of extracting time. After dialysis the ash contents of the alginates showed 10.4-10.9% of those, which were little affected by extracting time. In the ash composition after dialysis, the sodium content was 4.4 g/100 g, $90\%$ of total ash content. The ash contents, the intrinsic viscosities, the average molecular weight and the DPs of the alginates dried by AD before dialysis were higher than those by VF. The ash and uronic acid contents of alginates after dialysis showed $10.6-10.9\%\;and\l88.1-88.9\%$, respectively. But the intrinsic viscosities, the MWs and DPs of the alginates after dialysis gradually decreased by following dry methods. The decreased order was ADAD, ADVF, VFAD, VFVF. The coefficient of determination between MWs and DPs in the alginates having more than 300 kDa was 0.999.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2005

To prepare oligouronic acids from high-molecular-weight alginates, sea tangle Laminaria japonicus alginates were hydrolyzed at $80^{\circ}C$ for various hydrolysis times (HT). The effects of hydrolysis time on the distribution ratios (DR) of the molecular weights (MW) of the hydrolyzed alginates were in-vestigated. As HT increased, the DR of the alginates with MW>500 kDa decreased ex-ponentially, while those with MW=50-100 kDa or MW<50 kDa increased exponentially. For MW=300-500 kDa, DR increased exponentially until HT reached 60 min, and then decreased exponentially. Similarly, for MW=100-300 kDa, DR increased exponentially until HT reached 90 min, and then decreased.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2007

To prepare oligouronic acids from high-molecular-weight alginates prepared from sea tangle (Laminaria japonica), the alginates were hydrolyzed at various temperatures for 1 hr at pH 5.0. The effects of hydrolysis temperature $(H_{Temp})$ on the average molecular weight (AMW) and distribution ratio of MW (DR) in the hydrolyzed alginates were investigated. As $(H_{Temp})$ increased, the AMW of the alginates decreased exponentially; in addition the DR of the alginates with MW>500 kDa decreased exponentially, while the DR of those with MW=50-100 and MW<50 kDa increased exponentially. For the alginates with MW=300-500 and MW=100-300 kDa the DR increased exponentially until $H_{Temp}$ reached $80^{\circ}C$, and then decreased exponentially at above $80^{\circ}C$. AS $H_{Temp}$ increased, the MW cutoff size and AMW Of the alginates fraction With the highest DR both decreased. For $H_{Temp}<60^{\circ}C$, the MW cutoff size with the highest DR was MW>500 kDa; the DR was 39-67% and the AMW 1,000-1,300 kDa. For $H_{Temp}$ $80^{\circ}C$, the MW cutoff size with the highest DR was MW=300-500 kDa and the DR was about 33% and the AMW about 400 kDa. For $H_{Temp}\;100-121^{\circ}C$, the MW cutoff size with the highest DRs was MW=50-100 kDa, with a DR of 39-44% and an AMW of 70-80 kDa.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.313-317
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• 2006

To prepare oligouronic acids from high-molecular-weight alginates, sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) alginates were hydrolyzed at various pHs for 1 hr at 80$^{\circ}C$. The effects of hydrolysis pH (HpH) on the average molecular weight (AMW) and MW distribution ratios (DRs) in the hydrolyzed alginates were investigated. As HpH decreased, the DRs of the alginates with MW>500 kDa and MW=300-500 kDa decreased exponentially, while it increased exponentially for MW<50 kDa. For MW=100-300 kDa, DR increased exponentially as HpH fell from 5.0 to 3.5, and then decreased exponentially. Similarly, for MW=50-100 kDa, DR increased exponentially as HpH increased to 1.0 from 5.0, and then decreased exponentially. As HpH decreased, the MW cutoff size and AMW of alginates fraction with the highest DR were decreased. For HpH 4.5 and 5.0, the MW cutoff size with the highest DRs was MW=300-500 kDa; the DRs were 28.9 and 32.6%, respectively; and the AMW of both was about 400 kDa, for HpH 3.5 and 4.0, the cutoff size was MW=100-300 kDa; the DRs were about 28%: and the AMWs were both about 200 kDa. For HpH 3.0, the cutoff size was MW=50-100; the DR was 29.0%; and the AMW was 73 kDa. For HpH values below 2.0, the MW cutoff size with the highest DRs was MW<50 kDa, and all of the AMWs were below 28 kDa.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.936-941
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• 2005

In this trial we assessed the effect of soluble alginates on murine cells. Mouse peritoneal monocytes were stimulated in vitro with a solution of alginate. The production of $TNF-\alpha$ and nitric oxide (NO), the expression of surface molecules CD80 and CD86, and the ability of monocytes to phagocyte bacteria were assessed, in order to evaluate the effect of alginate on cell functionality. We showed that mouse peritoneal monocytes stimulated with alginate produce NO and $TNF-\alpha$. In addition, alginate is able also to increase their phagocytic activity and to a lesser extent also to increase the expression of CD80. Even with different degrees, it implies that alginates per se act directly on immune response, being able to effectively stimulate proinflammatory activity. These findings corroborate the idea that alginates can represent interesting adjuvants to use to increase the efficacy of antigenic stimulation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.377-384
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• 1999

Alginates are polysaccharides with gel-forming properties composed of 1,4-linked $\beta$-D-mannuronic acid (M), $\alpha$-L-guluronic acid (G), and alternating (MG) blocks. The M-and the MG-blocks, but not the G-blocks, have been known to be the active components of the alginates in experimental models. In this study, we have examined the ability of high M-alginate to activate immune cells. Alginate induced the macrophage anti-viral activity and the lymphocyte blastogenesis, and enhanced cytotoxicity of natural killer cell. In addition, alginates stimulated the macrophages to induce the production of $H_{2}O_{2}$, whereas alginates had no effect on NO production and suppressed the production of TNF-$\alpha$. These findings suggest that high M-alginate may be modulating various elements of the host immune response.