• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.929-936
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• 2022

In the U.S., the state, local, tribe, and territorial governments seek funding from the federal government through the Public Assistance program to carry out these recovery works. In this paper historic public assistance data between 1998 and 2021 have been analyzed to derive several insights such as: types of disasters causing the most damage, states requiring more support, net present value of the federal expense etc. This paper has found that the states requiring more support from the federal government are not always the states suffering the maximum losses from the disasters. It has also found that the net present value of the federal expense between 1998 and 2020 to restore, repair, reconstruct, or replace disaster damaged roads and bridges across the U.S. is $15 billion in 2021 values. Moreover, this paper has tested the correlation between the states' public assistance funds requirements and the existing condition and performance of roads and bridges as revealed by the American Society of Civil Engineer's infrastructure grade card. It has found a weak correlation between these two. The outcomes of this paper can be used by the decision makers to analyze the viability of any possible alternative to the exiting public assistance program. The insights can also help in better decision making in pre-disaster preparation and post-disaster funds allocation.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.4D
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• pp.331-338
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• 2010

In the case of Korea, research on traffic management is insufficient to cover the increasing incidence of disaster. Furthermore, many of the traffic management manual does not touch up on how to administer/manage in case of disaster, except for the one made by 'Korea Expressway Corporation.' In response to this issue, this research is based on a thesis to establish concept of guideline for traffic management in the case of an disaster. In order to achieve this goal, there has been an analysis of the American's manual, molded and changed to be Korea-specific. In the future, based on the u-T circumstances are established, traffic management will become much more efficient. This paper presents important details and ways of management for each step of an disaster event: prevention, preparation, response and restoration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.229-230
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• 2016

Religious literature are full of disasters and human suffering, which are generally human destinies in this lives. This article deals with some lists of disasters in the Old Testament and in the discourses of Jesus on the Mt. Olives in the New Testament and writings of Ellen G. White, an American Christian writer in the 20th century.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.89-113
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• 2015

This paper explores the work of mourning of 9/11 in the United States, focusing on the project of building the National September 11 Memorial managed by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation(LMDC) and the War on Terror declared by the George W. Bush administration in the wake of 9/11. This paper first looks at the project of building the Natioanl September 11 Memorial and considers what was at stake in achieving this project. It also examines the limitations of the project. This paper argues that, in spite of the efforts to mourn the victims in significant and meaningful ways, the work of mourning in the memorial project fails at least in two respects. First, the memorial project "began so soon" right after 9/11 that the victims' families were not given enough time to mourn their loved ones. Second, the project were permeated with American nationalism and patriotism, which made the 316 non-American victims of 9/11 invisible and forgotten. Then, it goes on to examine the War on Terror because the War on Terror epitomized the failure of mourning due to these causes. In his address to the nation delivered on the very day of 9/11, President George W. Bush stated that "America was targeted for the attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world" and that the terrorists failed to threaten America into chaos. He also stated that America is in "the war against terrorism." These statements were a futile reassertion of the illusion of American invulnerability and a prohibition of mourning in favor of violent military responses to 9/11. American nationalism also underlies Bush's official naming of September 11 as "Patriot Day." The victims were sacrificed because they were at the site when terrorists attacked, which implies that their death had nothing to do with American patriotism. Naming September 11 as Patriot Day was an act of imbuing the absurdity of the victims' death with a false meaning and an act of forgetting the non-American victims. The failure of the work of mourning of 9/11 consisted in the inability to recognize human vulnerability and interdependence and the inability to mourn not only American victims but also non-American victims killed in 9/11 and the War on Terror. A meaningful and significant mourning could be possible when we realizes that all human beings are exposed to one another and their lives are interdependent on one another. September Eleventh Families for Peaceful Tomorrows well demonstrated this kind of mourning. When most Americans supported violent retaliations, Peaceful Tomorrows made pleas for nonviolent responses to 9/11. Turning their grief into action for peace, its members work "to create a safer and more peaceful world for everyone," not only for Americans. Their effort to mourn in meaningful and nonviolent ways delivers the message that a disaster like 9/11 should not happen anywhere.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 2010

By taking the form of a fictional autobiography, a Japanese American woman writer Lydia Minatoya tries to solve the inexpressible confliction which Japanese Americans experience in their living in America. In her first published fiction, Talking to High Monks in the Snow, the writer faithfully tries to follow the Japanese I-story tradition where meandering of personal petit histories and frequent self-pities are constructed without solid action, characters and plot. Here appear many accidental others whom function as significant yet fleeting subalterns. In contrast, in the second fiction, The Strangeness of Beauty published seven years later, the I-narratives undergoes some drastic transformations by authorial intrusion, dramatic and haiku styles, and appearances of actorial agents. Just working as an invisible yet important stagehand (kuroko in Japanese) behind the stage of life, the author now handles her own self-inquiry through more controllable distance and maturity as directors or photographers often do. However, despite achieving dramatic actions and artistic elegance mainly thanks to her adoption of western masterpieces's grand narratives, Minatoya seems to stop in the midway in her tallying work of fiction with fact by delaying the larger imaginable conflict through which the temporarily gained autonomy can be turned into a disaster anytime. Nonetheless, the reader feels relieved and encouraged after recognizing the fragile Asian female self's transformation as a new, flexible and autonomous self by her unwavering contact with two contrasting cultures and providing silent minority female characters with gradually stronger and uncannier voices.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.235-243
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• 2006

In this study, in order to grope for local governments' roles for effective countermeasures for disasters, the researcher did comparative research on such roles of local governments of the USA and japan. In case of the USA and japan, their local governments take the 1st responsibility for quick countermeasures for disasters and cope with disasters in cooperation with central government and NGO, etc. In conclusion, in order to make Korea's system to cope with disasters more effective, first it is necessary to readjust roles of central government and local governments. In other words, in case of the USA and japan, law provides that initial responsibility for coping with disasters lies in local governments. Accordingly, when disaster happens, initial countermeasures are quickly made by local governments. It is also possible for local governments to secure organizations, tools and manpower in their own ways. Therefore, in case of Korea, it is also urgently required to divide roles for disaster management between central government and local governments. Second, it is necessary to establish local disaster management system per type that is proper for regional characteristics and situations. Third, it is necessary to form organic networks between civic groups, local private enterprises, and central government. Fourth, informatization of local disaster management system must be prepared quickly. Finally, in order to do local governments' activities to cope with sites smoothly, specialization of manpower is required. Accordingly, it is necessary to train professional manpower of local governments for disaster management and to develop programs to improve specialty.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.133-146
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• 2014

There are many studies for the economic impact assessment of natural disasters, but there are few for volcanic disasters. Domestic academic research is not under active discussion because of the lack of national and social interest for volcanic eruption. This study investigated the research methodology for the economic impact assessment of natural disasters and discussed whether these can be applied to the economic impact analysis for the Baekdu Mountain volcanic disaster. The main findings are as follows: Firstly, Asia-Pacific region is the most affected by natural disasters and has the largest scale of damage. Asian and American Continent have the most economic damage. Secondly, Considering the types of damage caused by natural disasters and its complex structure, several methodologies that could be possible to estimate economic consequential damages have been compared. When applying each methodology to the Baekdu Mountain volcanic disaster, the scale of damage is likely to be over-estimated or under-estimated because of model-specific features. Thus, estimated values should be compared to each other after calculating the damage results. Thirdly, Japanese academic research on the volcanic disaster will be used as the starting point of the economic impact assessment studies for Baekdu Mountain. Using computer SW such as Hazus which is used in United States and RiskScape from New Zealand is also a good method to predict economic impact of the Baekdu Mountain volcanic disaster.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-85
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• 2020

This paper examines the aspects of disaster narrative, which makes the most of the concept of 'masterplot' as a narrative simulation to solve problems. By analyzing and comparing the remnants of 'masterplots' operating in the disaster narratives of Korea, the United States, and Japan, the differences between each country and social community problem recognition and resolution will be discussed. Disaster narrative is the most suitable genre for applying the 'masterplot' toward community problem solving in today's global risk society, and the problem-solving method has cognitive differences for each community. First, in the case of American disaster narratives, civilian experts' response to natural disasters tracks the changes of heroes in today's 'Marvel Comic Universe' (MCU). Compared to the past, the close relationship between heroism and nationalism has been reduced, but the state remains functional even if it is bolstered by the heroes' voluntary cooperation and reflection ability. On the other hand, in Korea's disaster narratives, the disappearance of the country and paralysis of the function are foregrounded. In order to fill the void, a new family narrative occurs, consisting of a righteous army or people abandoned by the state. Korea's disaster narratives are sensitive to changes after the disaster, and the nation's recovery never returns to normal after the disaster. Finally, Japan's disaster narratives are defensive and neurotic. A fully state-led bureaucratic system depicts an obsessive nationalism that seeks to control all disasters, or even counteracts anti-heroic individuals who reject voluntary sacrifices and even abandon disaster conditions This paper was able to diagnose the impact and value of a 'masterplot' today by comparing a series of 'masterplots' and their variations and uses. In a time when the understanding and utilization of 'masterplots' are becoming more and more important in today's world where Over-the top(OTT) services are being provided worldwide, this paper attempt could be a fragmentary model for the distribution and sharing of global stories.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-51
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• 2014

Doris Lessing describes a band of revolutionaries who become involved in terrorist activities far beyond their level of competence in The Good Terrorist. Alice Mellings who is from a middle-class family has organized a squat house in London and seems capable of controlling everyone around her and anything about the house. She is seemingly like a housekeeper or a breadwinner. She also likes to be on the battlefront, for instance, demonstrating, picketing and spray-painting slogans. Such is able to easily exploit the others and she increasingly becomes the leader in the house. Recently some critics have focused on the political and social roles of the protagonist who represents a voice of terrorists in the 1980s England. Based on this, The Good Terrorist is read with the concept of the subject of feminism that Gillian Rose adopts in order to show that this subject tries to avoid the exclusion of the master subject. This subject imagines spaces which are not structured through masculinist claims to exhaustiveness. Alice as the subject of feminism shows different roles; she extorts or steals money for the maintenance of the house from her affluent parents; she spends all her time cleaning, fixing, decorating the deserted house; and she looks after the official affairs related to the house with her skills and experiences. She is systematically in charge of the house and sits at the head of the table in the kitchen. But when their activities turn into disaster and their plans fail, Alice willingly decides to close down the house after ousting the members. Here in her extorted gaze it is revealed that she takes control over the working class members of the house who are unable to lead a revolution because of their own problems and thereby the working class are dominated by the middle class. That is, the place is paradoxically recreated based on class differences, which the revolutionaries try to break. By representing the deconstruction and recreation of the place through squat houses, Lessing reveals her implicit feminism in which a new place should be produced crossing the principle of the dichotomy of gender and class.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.8
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• pp.1187-1194
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• 2017

After North American wide area black out on August 14, 2003, various studies have been conducted to find out the reason of the disaster. One of main reasons was misoperation of generator protection system. Since then, protective coordination between generator protection system and excitation system controls has been hot issue among electrical engineers. Among various generator protection relays, in this paper, we focused on generator overvoltage and overexcitation relay, which protect the over-flux condition of the generator. Thus, at first, we modeled the generator overvoltage, overexcitation relay and detailed power system including excitation system, governor and etc., based on actual field data. And then, we reviewed the protective coordination of generator overvoltage and overexcitation relay using electromagnetic transient program. In addition, we discussed the protective coordination method for redundant protection relays in both automatic voltage regulator and generator side.