• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2010

A modified graphite felt electrode with neutral red (NR-electrode) was shown to catalyze the chemical oxidation of nitrite to nitrate under aerobic conditions. The electrochemically oxidized NR-electrode (EO-NR-electrode) and reduced NR-electrode (ER-NR-electrode) catalyzed the oxidation of $1,094{\pm}39$ mg/l and $382{\pm}45$ mg/l of nitrite, respectively, for 24 h. The electrically uncharged NR-electrode (EU-NR-electrode) catalyzed the oxidation of $345{\pm}47$ mg/l of nitrite for 24 h. The aerobic bacterial community immobilized in the EO-NR-electrode did not oxidize ammonium to nitrite; however, the aerobic bacterial community immobilized in the ER-NR-electrode bioelectrochemically oxidized $1,412{\pm}39$ mg/l of ammonium for 48 h. Meanwhile, the aerobic bacterial community immobilized on the EU-NR-electrode biochemically oxidized $449{\pm}22$ mg/l of ammonium for 48 h. In the continuous culture system, the aerobic bacterial community immobilized on the ER-NR-electrode bioelectrochemically oxidized a minimal $1,337{\pm}38$ mg/l to a maximal $1,480{\pm}38$ mg/l of ammonium to nitrate, and the community immobilized on the EU-NR-electrode biochemically oxidized a minimal $327{\pm}23$ mg/l to a maximal $412{\pm}26$ mg/l of ammonium to nitrate every two days. The bacterial communities cultivated in the ER-NR-electrode and EU-NR-electrode in the continuous culture system were analyzed by TGGE on the $20^{th}$ and $50^{th}$ days of incubation. Some ammonium-oxidizing bacteria were enriched on the ER-NR-electrode, but not on the EU-NR-electrode.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.251-260
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• 1994

Pseudotsuga menziesii 임상에서 질화작용의 억제제로서의 monoterpenoids의 역할을 연구하고자 토양에서의 질화작용과 식물체잎, 낙엽 및 무기토양에서의 monoterpenoids의 함량을 분석하였다. Pseudotsuga menziesii잎이나 임상에서 분석된 monoterpenoids는 대략 16종 이었으며, 그 중 ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene 그리고 terpenolene이 대표적인 것들이었다. 임상에 있는 monoterpenoids의 양은 무기토양층에 비해 항상 많았으며, 계절적 변이가 있었으나 토양층은 항상 일정하였다. 질화작용 과정 중 ammonium oxidation 과정은 낙엽층이 보다 더 많은 저해를 받았으나, nitrite oxidation 과정은 두층별간 별 차이가 없었다. 또한 4가지 monoterpenoids(${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, terpenolene)를 인위적으로 첨가한 토양에서의 질화작용에 역시 am-monium oxidation 과정은 심히 저해를 받는 반면 nitrite oxidation 과정은 저해를 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 모든 결과들은 Pseudotsuga menziesii 임상에 있는 monoterpenoids의 영향으로 질화작용에 관여하는 미생물, 특히 Nitrosomonas europaes의 증식이 억제되어 am-monium oxidation 과정이 저해되었음을 시사한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.231-244
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• 2020

As a way of finding value-added materials from waste medium density fiberboard (MDF), this study characterized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) isolated by ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation using recycled MDF fibers. Chemical composition of the recycled MDF fibers was done to quantify α-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, nitrogen, ash and extractives. The APS oxidation was performed at 60 ℃ for 16 h, followed by ultrasonication, which resulted in a CNC yield of 11%. Transmission electron microscope images showed that rod-like CNCs had an average length and diameter of 167±47 nm and 8.24±2.28 nm, respectively, which gave an aspect ratio of about 20. The conductometric titration of aqueous CNCs suspension resulted in a carboxyl content of 0.24 mmol/g and the degree of oxidation was 0.04. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy clearly showed the presence of carboxyl group on the CNCs prepared by the APS oxidation. The change of pH of the aqueous CNC suspension from 4 to 7 converted the carboxyl group to sodium carboxylate group. These results showed that the APS oxidation was facile and CNCs had a one-step preparation method, and thus suggested an optimization of the oxidation condition in future.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

In this study, aerobic granules were applied to a lab-scale aerobic granule sludge airlift reactor (AGSAR) and the ammonium nitrogen oxidation performance was evaluated at different ammonium nitrogen loading rate (NLR). At least 99% of the initial ammonium nitrogen was oxidized at an NLR of 0.27 and 0.53 kg $NH_4{^+}-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, for both aerobic granules (control), and nitrifying aerobic granules (NAGs). The ammonium nitrogen oxidation deteriorated, when the NLR was increased to 1.07 kg $NH_4{^+}-N/m^3{\cdot}day$. The NAGs were characterized by complete nitrification, while partial nitrification was observed in the control.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.573-578
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• 2001

직경 0.613mm 활성탄 입자를 생물입자 담체로 사용한 공기리프트 생물막 반응기를 폐수 질화에 적용하여 생물막을 형성시켰다. 공기유속과 암모니움 부하속도(유입수 유량)를 순차적으로 증가시키어 반응기 운전 약 130일 만에 140um 두께의 생물막을 형성시켰다. 온도 3$0^{\circ}C$ 및 상승관 공기유속 6.3cm/s에서 5.0 kg N/㎥.d의 암모니움 산화속도를 얻었다. 생물막 형성 초기에는 암모니움 산화 균주가 주로 형성되어 아질산 축적이 발생하였으며 아질산 완전 산화되었다. 유기물 부하율을 증가시킴에 따라 COD 제거속도는 증가하여 26.6 kg COD/㎥.d의 부하율에서 25.0 kg COD/㎥.d의 제거속도를 보여 94%의 제거효율을 보였다. 반면에 COD 제거속도가 증가함에 따라 암모니움 및 아질산 산화속도는 감소하였다. 특히 약 11 kg/㎥.d 이상의 COD 제거속도에서 많은 종속영양균주 과잉 슬러지가 반응기 액상에서 관찰되었으며 암모니움 및 아질산 산화속도는 COD 제거속도가 증가함에 따라 급격히 감소하였다. 용존산소가 물질확산 저항을 적게 받는 반응기 액상 부유 유기물 산화 균체에 의해 우선적으로 이용되어 반응기 액상 농도가 낮은 값을 보여서 물질확산 저항이 크게 작용하는 생물막에 주로 존재하는 질화균체에 의해 적게 사용된 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과는 종속영양균주의 반응기 액상 부유 생장이 생물입자 생물막에서의 독립영양균주 생장에 의한 질화에 유리하다는 제안과 일치하지 않는다. 용존산소 농도를 증가시킴에 따라 순수질화에서 암모니움 및 아질산 산화속도는 증가하였으며, 순산소를 사용할 경우 공기를 사용한 경우에 비하여 약 5배의 높은 암모니움 산화속도를 보였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.2149-2155
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• 2012

A metal-free and efficient procedure for the oxidation of alcohols into the corresponding carbonyl compounds has been described using ammonium nitrate in the presence of silica sulfuric acid under mild and heterogeneous conditions. The use of non-toxic and inexpensive materials, simple and clean work-up, short reaction times and good yields of the products are among the advantages of this method.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2021

The activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) immobilized in synthetic media (Poly Ethylene Glycol, PEG) and granular form was evaluated comparatively to investigate the effect of influent nitrogen concentration and exposure of oxygen. In ANAMMOX granule reactor, when concentration of influent total nitrogen increased to 500mg/L, removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 90.5±6.5, 96.6±4.9, and 93.2±6.1%, respectively. In the case of the PEG gel, it showed lower nitrogen removal performance, resulting in that the removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 83.3±13.0, 96.4±6.1, and 90.3±7.5%, respectively. In second step, when exposed to oxygen, the nitrogen removal performance in the ANAMMOX granule reactor also remained stable, but the activity of PEG gel ANAMMOX was found to be inhibited. Consequently, the PEG gel ANAMMOX was a higher sensitivity than that of granular ANAMMOX with two variables applied in this study.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.1071-1077
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• 2003

The aim of this study is, firstly, to find out what kinds of inorganic species are produced in the photocatalytic oxidation of ammonium-nitrogen containing water and, secondly, to seek the influence of anion for the photocatalytic oxidation of ammonium contained compounds. The photoenergy above 3 eV(λ <415 nm) was effectively absorbed by TiO$_2$ and TiO$_2$/polymer was used to be oxidized NH$_4$-N in wastewater to NO$_3$-N. Existing the anion as Cl$\^$-/, the rate of photocatalytic oxidation decreased regardless of other condition. This result showed that the chloride ions reduced the rate of oxidation by scavenging oxidizing radical species as OH$\^$-/ and OCl$\^$-/. Some of the added ion might have blocked the active sites of the catalyst surface, thus deactivated the catalyst.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.469-474
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• 2006

Partial nitrification blocking of the oxidation of nitrite ($NO_{2}^{-}$) to nitrate ($NO_{3}^{-}$) has cost-efficient advantages such as lower oxygen and organics demand for nitrification and denitrification, respectively. A nitrifying membrane bioreactor of submerged type was operated for the treatment of synthetic ammonium wastewater with the purpose of nitrite build-up without affecting the efficiency of ammonium oxidation. A high ammonium concentration (1,000 mg/l) was completely converted to nitrate at up to 2 kg $N/m^3$ day under sufficient aeration. The control of pH under sufficient aeration was not a reliable strategy to maintain stable nitrite build-up. When the dissolved oxygen concentration was kept at 0.2-0.4 mg/l by adjusting the aeration rate, about 70% of nitrite content was obtained with ammonium oxidation efficiency higher than 93%. The increase of suction pressure due to membrane fouling was not significant under lowered aerating environment over a 6-month period of operation. The composition of nitrifier community, including relative abundance of nitrite oxidizers in a nitrite-accumulating condition, was quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.300-307
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• 2006

혐기성 암모늄산화(ANAMMOX)는 고농도 질소폐수를 처리하기 위한 획기적인 공정이다. 본 연구에서는 고농도 암모늄 및 유기물을 함유한 고농도 폐수를 ANAMMOX 공정을 이용하여 처리하는 동안 일어나는 유기물질의 산발효, 탈질, 황화합물의 환원 및 hydroxyapatite에 의한 인의 결정화에 대하여 연구하였다. 또한, ANAMMOX 공정의 중간생성물인 hydroxylamine과 hydrazine의 기능을 조사하였다. 연구결과, 돈사폐수의 혐기성 암모니아산화 반응과 함께 다양한 복합반응이 일어나며, hydroxylamine과 hydrazine은 ANAMMOX 반응에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.