• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.4
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• 2011

Arabidopsis is well-known to the world's plant research community as a model plant. Many significant resources and innovative research tools, as well as large bodies of genomic information, have been created and shared by the research community, partly explaining why so many researchers use this small plant for their research. The genome sequence of Arabidopsis was fully characterized by the end of the $20^{th}$ century. Soon afterwards, the Arabidopsis research community began a 10-year international project on the functional genomics of the species. In 2001, at the beginning of the project, the RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC) started its Arabidopsis resource project. The following year, the National BioResource Project was launched, funded by the Japanese government, and the RIKEN BRC was chosen as a core facility for Arabidopsis resource. Seeds of RIKEN Arabidopsis transposon-tagged mutant lines, activation-tagged lines, full-length cDNA over-expresser lines, and natural accessions, as well as RIKEN Arabidopsis full-length cDNA clones and T87 cells, are preserved at RIKEN BRC and distributed around the world. The major resources provided to the research community have been full-length cDNA clones and insertion mutants that are suitable for use in reverse-genetics studies. This paper provides an overview of the Arabidopsis resources made available by RIKEN BRC and examples of research that has been done by users and developers of these resources.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.259-264
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• 2009

The AvChit gene encodes for a chitinase from the spider, Araneus ventricosus. This spider, A. ventricosus, is an abundant species in Korea. Arabidopsis thaliana plants were transformed with the AvChit gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Thirteen transgenic lines expressing the AvChit gene were obtained. Functional expression of the AvChit gene in transgenic Arabidopsis was confirmed by Southern, northern and western blot analysis. The AvChit cDNA was expressed as a 61 kDa polypeptide in baculovirus-infected insect Sf9 cells. AvChit protein extracted from transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited high levels of chitinase activity. Phytopathological tests showed that two transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing the AvChit gene displayed high levels of resistance to gray mold disease (Botrytis cinerea).

• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.554-559
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• 1998

Activities of glutathione- and thioredoxin-related enzymes and phenylpropanoid-synthesizing enzymes were measured and compared in the developing leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity is maximal in the leaves of 2-wk-grown Arabidopsis. Tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity is maximal in the leaves of 3-wk-grown and 4-wk-grown Arabidopsis. Activity of thioitransferase, an enzyme involved in the reduction of various disulfide compounds, is higher in younger leaves than in older ones. A similar pattern was obtained in the activity of thioredoxin, a small protein known as a cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase and a regulator of photosynthesis. Activity of glutathione reductase is also higher in the younger leaves. Malate debydrogenase activity remains relatively constant during the development of Arabidopsis leaves. The results offer preliminary information for further approach to elucidate the mechanism of growth-dependent variations of these enzymes.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.327-332
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• 2019

Today's scientists try to remove heavy metals with many new technologies such as phytoremediation. One of the best cutting edge technologies is developing transgenic plants to remove certain heavy metal in soil. I constructed the transformation vector expressing T. goesingense Metal Transport Protein1 gene and TgMTP1: GFP genes. The transgenic plants were selected and confirmed the transformed genes into Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Expression was confirmed in several parts in Arabidopsis cells, tissues and organs. When TgMTP1 overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana were subjected, transgenic plants showed higher heavy metal tolerance than non-transgenic. For further study I selected the transgenic plant lines with enhanced tolerance against four different heavy metals; Zn, Ni, Co, Cd. The accumulation of these metals in these plants was further analyzed. The TgMTP1 overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana plant of selected lines are resistant against heavy metals. This plant is characterized by the expression of the MTP1 gene accumulating heavy metal in the vacuole and being simultaneously expressed on the plasma membrane. In conclusion, these plants may be used in plant purification applications, and as a plant with increased tolerance.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.125-130
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• 2001

A putative protein encoded by Arabidopsis AtMTN3 gene, a homologue of Medicago truncatula MTN3, consists of 285 amino acid residues, and has a predicted molecular mass of 31.5 kDa and a calculated pI of 9.1. Primary amino acid sequence analyses have revealed that the protein contains seven putative transmembrane regions with N-terminus oriented to the outside of the membrane. The AtMTN3 protein shows overall 16.4% of amino acid identity with the rat GALR3 protein, known to be a G-protein-coupled receptor. The gene is present as a single copy in the Arabidopsis genome, and expressed in aerial parts but not in roots of Arabidopsis. Therefore, AtMTN3 appears not to be specifically involved in Rhizobium-induced nodule development, as was predicted for the MTN3 gene. These proteins possibly mediate signal transmission through G-protein-coupled pathways during general interactions between plants and symbiotic or pathogenic microbes.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.330-336
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• 2010

5-Aminolevulinate (ALA) is well-known as an essential biosynthetic precursor of all tetrapyrrole compounds, which has been suggested to improve plant salt tolerance by exogenous application. In this work, the gene encoding aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S) in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hem1) was introduced into the genome of Arabidopsis controlled by the Arabidopsis thaliana HemA1 gene promoter. All transgenic lines were able to transcribe the YHem1 gene, especially under light condition. The chimeric protein (YHem1-EGFP) was found co-localizing with the mitochondria in onion epidermal cells. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants could synthesize more endogenous ALA with higher levels of metabolites including chlorophyll and heme. When the $T_2$ homozygous seeds were cultured under NaCl stress, their germination and seedling growth were much better than the wild type. Therefore, introduction of ALA-S gene led to higher level of ALA metabolism with more salt tolerance in higher plants.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.659-664
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• 2003

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of sulfuric acid and nitric acid among the main components of simulated acid rain (SAR) on the growth of vegetative organs and seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis treated with SAR supplemented with sulfuric and nitric acids, respectively, showed 28% and 30% decrease of shoot and root growth compared to the control plants, and also many necrotic spots on leaf surfaces after SAR treatment were observed. The shoot and root length for plants grown with nitric acid rain was 14% and 17% lower, respectively, compared to the control, whereas those grown with sulfuric acid rain was 24% and 25% lower than control plants. When Arabidopsis seeds were sown in distilled water, germination rate was 100% after 7 days. However, 80% in SAR medium supplemented with sulfuric and nitric acids, 88% in sulfuric acid rain medium and 93% in nitric acid rain medium. The germination abilities of seeds harvested from SAR supplemented with sulfuric and nitric acids, sulfuric acid rain, and nitric acid rain were 73%, 73% and 94%, respectively. Consequently, sulfuric acids showed more inhibitory effects than nitric acids on the growth of vegetative organs as well as germination rates in Arabidopsis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2013

Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 is a microbial pesticide that is very effective against various diseases. Our study was undertaken to evaluate T. asperellum SKT-1 for induction of resistance against yellow strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y) in Arabidopsis plants. Disease severity was rated at 2 weeks post inoculation (WPI). CMV titre in Arabidopsis leaves was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 2 WPI. Our results demonstrated that among all Arabidopsis plants treated with barley grain inoculum (BGI) of SKT-1 NahG and npr1 plants showed no significant reduction in disease severity and CMV titre as compared with control plants. In contrast, disease severity and CMV titre were significantly reduced in all Arabidopsis plants treated with culture filtrate (CF) of SKT-1 as compared with control plants. RT-PCR results showed increased expression levels of SA-inducible genes, but not JA/ET-inducible genes, in leaves of BGI treated plants. Moreover, expression levels of SA- and JA/ET-inducible genes were increased in leaves of CF treated plants. In conclusion, BGI treatment induced systemic resistance against CMV through SA signaling cascade in Arabidopsis plants. While, treatment with CF of SKT-1 mediated the expression of a majority of the various pathogen related genes, which led to the increased defense mechanism against CMV infection.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 1998

The internal structures of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with beet curly top virus (BCTV) were studied by light microscopy. Hyperplasia was observed in the inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Sei-O at 2 weeks after BCTV-Logan inoculation and callus was induced on symptomatic tissues at 4 weeks after virus inoculation. The infection processes were revealed as follows: hyperplasia of phloem tissue, necrosis of hyperplastic phloems, lacuna formation of necrotic tissues, elongation and enlargement of cortex and epidermal cells surrounding the lacuna formed phloem tissues, induction of cell division in the enlarged cortex and epidermal cells, and induction of callus tissue. Callus formation on Arabidopsis was caused by the virus infection, and virus inclusion body was observed in both phloem and callus tissue by azure-A staining.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2021

Insects affect crop harvest yield and quality, making plant response mechanisms to insect herbivores a heavily studied topic. However, analysis of plant responses to honeybees is rare. In this study, comprehensive metabolic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to honeybees was performed to investigate which metabolites were changed by the insect. A total of 85 metabolites-including chlorophylls, carotenoids, glucosinolates, policosanols, tocopherols, phytosterols, β-amyrin, amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and starch-were identified using high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolite profiling analysis of Arabidopsis exposed to honeybees showed higher levels of stress-related metabolites. The levels of glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin), policosanols (eicosanol, docosanol, tricosanol, tetracosanol), tocopherols (β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol), putrescine, lysine, and sugars (arabinose, fructose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, raffinose) in Arabidopsis exposed to honeybees were higher than those in unexposed Arabidopsis. Glucosinolates act as defensive compounds against herbivores; policosanols are components of plant waxes; tocopherols act as an antioxidant; and putrescine, lysine, and sugars contribute to stress regulation. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis perceives honeybees as a stress and changes its metabolites to overcome the stress. This is the first step to determining how Arabidopsis reacts to exposure to honeybees.