• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 1997

In this paper, we proposed the compensation method to evaluate arousal level in different initial arousal states. Arousal level was measured by the relationship between IRI and Nz. Since Nz is affected by BI which is directly proportional to initial arousal state of subjects, the arousal level is underestimated To overcome this problem, we proposed the compensation method using modified Karolinska sleepiness scale, and determined compensation coefficients derived from this scale with five arousal levels. Applying these coefficients to portable arousal monitoring system, the proposed method in this paper could be useful for real-time evaluation and control of arousal level. As a result the developed system can detect and control the arousal state from initial drowsing sate.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1997 no.11
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• pp.19-22
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• 1997

This paper studies the arousal effects of aroma and warning sound using EDA(Electrodermal Activity:EDA), Aroma stimulus started at Nz value over 1.2. Warning sound was prepared according to the arousal evaluation and control criteria. As a result, the warning sound could be controlled the arousal level in all the mKSS state. Aroma stimulus was able to prevent drowsy more than warning sound in the mKSS 3 state(the first stage of drowsiness). Therefor, aroma stimulus was can be used for arousal control at that state. Futhermore, arousal control was shown to be more effective with presentation of both aroma and warning sounds than each presentation.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 2010

This research is to evaluate the arousal level by using cardiovascular response. PPG was used in this study as one of the method of measuring it rather than ECG (Electrocardiography) for the purpose of solving ergonomic problem of sensing. The participants were in the age group of 20 (mean=24, standard deviation=1.25): five men and five women. Each experiment composed with four identical sets. First, a black screen was displayed for 30 second rest. Then, the prepared 6 pair images were randomly presented for 10 second stimulation and for 30 second non-stimulation. PPG was measured on the earlobes of experimenters at 200Hz sampling frequency. PPG amplitude, PPI(Pulse to Pulse Interval), and PRV(Pulse Rate Variability) were analyzed according to arousal level. T-test was performed to compare between the PPG variables of rest and relaxation, rest and arousal, and relaxation and arousal. Relative to the rest state, PPG amplitude decreased in relaxed state and increased in aroused state. Relative to the rest state, PPI decreased in both emotional states. However, more significant decline was observed in aroused state. PRV's LF and HF were used in the form of LF/HF to compare between the relaxed and the aroused state. Therefore, PPG signal showed significant differences between relaxed and aroused state. In conclusion, evaluation of human arousal level used in the PPG analysis demonstrated that PPG has better usability and comforter measurement than ECG and is clearly an alternative method of measuring arousal level.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.891-898
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• 2012

The study for the passenger's comfortableness of vehicles and the arousal of car drivers has been done widely. On the other hand, there are few studies for the locomotive engineers. Human error means that the mistakes made by human, recently it receives attention in the field of safety engineering and human engineering. Comparing the operating condition of train with car, because of the simplification of the visual stimulus, the arousal level on the train goes down easily. The arousal level down makes judgement down, the accident risk from human error is getting bigger. In this study, we measured bio-signals(ECG, EDA, PPG, respiration and EEG) from 6 locomotive engineers to evaluate their arousal state while they operated the train. Also we recorded the 3 axes acceleration signal showing the vibration state of train. Also, the existence of tunnels were simultaneously measured. At the station section where the train speed goes down, the size of vector's sum decreases because of reduced vibration. Beta component in EEG tends to increase at the entering point of each station and tunnel. It is due to the arousal reaction and tension growth. The mean SCR(skin conductance response) was more increased in neutral section. As the button control movement (body movement) increases in the neutral section, it is appeared that SCR increase. RR interval tends to gradually increase during train operation for 1 hour 40 minutes. However, It tends to sharply decrease at the stop station because strong concentration needed to stop train on the exact point. The engineer's arousal reaction can be checked through analysing the bio-signal change during train operation. Therefore, if this analysing result is adopted to the sleepiness prevention caution system, it will be useful for the safety train operation.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.9
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• pp.1286-1293
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• 2014

Typically, studies through the simulation system have been progressed, because the evaluation of the driver's arousal state about the service of a actual train has risk of safety for the driver. When configured event same as the real in simulation system, the ability to cope with an accident situation may be the same each other. But the difference in the state of tension or arousal will occur. In this study, requested to cooperate with the railways in order to escape from these constraints, and the target of the experiment was to real engineer service. I was set about experiment when the train was stopped as safe as possible. As a result, the beta wave of EEG signals that representing complex calculations or anxiety is increased rapidly on the basis of a flag station from at the time of departure. The size of the electrodermal activity signal in response to movement of the body gave a noticeable. In terms of HRV, if the train approach a flag station gradually and the R-R interval is narrowed. So that the driver can be estimated as arousal state. In accordance with this study, if the quantitative standard of arousal state be based on the driver's biosignals will provide, it will be able to take advantage of development the system that would prevent train accidents caused by human error.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.55-64
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• 1996

To control arousal level using physiological index, electrodermal activity signal was detected and separated into skin impedance level and response. Arousal state decision and control algorithm was studied to implement and evaluate real time portable arousal control system. The implemented system can detect and control arousal state from initial drowsy state. This system will be applicable to the evaluation of the effect of warning signal, driver's drowsy detecting system, and sleep study.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 2018

This experimental research explores the effect of drone's moving image on media audience's flow, arousal of interest and emotional state. Most previous researchers of media image effect insisted that camera movement should be abstained in order to give audience the feeling that movement of figures is in the contents story itself. and camera movement also can disturb natural viewing of audience. For the purpose of finding the effect of drone's moving image on media audience's flow, arousal of interest and emotional state, 2 groups of subjects composed of 56 university students were exposed to 2 different video clips, one with moving drone's image, the other with hovering drone's image. After this experiment, Questions which were designed to measure audience's flow, arousal of interest and emotional state were asked and analysed. This research found that subjects exposed to moving drone's image felt more interested and more positive emotional state than subjects exposed to hovering drone's image. However meaningful effect of drone's moving image on audience's flow was not found.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2003

The suck/swallow/breathe(SSB) synchrony, serving as the earlist primary motor mechanism, is the rhythmical, coordinated pattern of sucking, swallowing and breathing. The development of an intact SSB is an important precursor for further sensorimotor and cognitive development including speech and language development, state regulation, postural control, feeding, eye/hand coordination and social/emotional development. Arousal means a neurological mechanism for preparing one's body to orienting stimulus. Its levels are regulated with an interaction of the reticular formation, the limbic system, the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system. General strategies such as blowing, sucking, chewing, munching and licking to effectively modulate arousal state are related to SSB. The SSB synchrony is an important treatment principle for children with sensory integration disorder and problems with the modulation of arousal. The purpose of this article is to review concepts of SSB synchrony and the underlying relation between the modulation of arousal and SSB synchrony.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1996 no.11
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• pp.86-89
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• 1996

This paper describes compensation method to evaluate arousal level in different initial arousal state. Arousal level was measured by the relationship between IRI and Nz. The value of Nz is affected by BI which is variable with initial drowsiness. we introduced a correction factor to compensate these differences.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 2009

This study tried to investigate how three levels of arousal affect performance of a 3-back task. Ten university male (age $25.7{\pm}1.5$) and ten female (age $24.5{\pm}1.8$) students participated in this experiment. Using pictures selected from a group test, three levels of arousal, i.e. tensed, neutral, and relaxed emotions, were induced. Each subject was run through the procedure three times, once for each arousal level. The procedure consisted of six phases for each arousal condition Rest 1(2 min), Picture 1(presenting emotion arousing photos for 2 min), 3-back task 1(2 min), Picture 2(presenting emotion arousing photos for 2 min), 3-back task 2(2 min), and Rest 2(2 min). Skin conductance level(SCL) of electrothermal activity was also measured during all phases of the experiment. The accuracy rate of 3-back task performance was the highest at a neutral emotional state, followed by relaxed and then tensed emotional state. There was no difference in reaction time(RT) among the three levels of arousal. SCL was the highest at a tensed emotional state, followed by neutral emotional state and then relaxed emotional state. Based on the results, it could be inferred that tension, induced by stimuli unrelated to cognitive tasks, decreases the ability to perform cognitive tasks.