• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of balance training on balance pad and sand on balance and gait ability in stroke patients. METHODS: Sixty stroke patients were divided into a Balance Pad group(BPG, N = 20), a Sand group (SG, N = 20) and a Hard Ground group (HGG, N = 20) randomly. The subjects in the Hard Ground group stood in a comfortable position, faced a therapist, then threw a Swiss ball back and forth. They then performed balance training in which they raised and lowered their ankles while facing forward or moved objects from one table to another. The BPG performed same tasks in HGG, on an unstable surface using a balance pad. The SG performed same tasks on sand ground. All groups received training 30min per day, five times per week, for eight weeks. RESULTS: After intervention, all groups showed significant increases balance and gait components. And the BPG and the SG showed significant increase in weight distribution rate, Sway length and BBS compared with the HGG, but there was no significant difference in Cadence, Stride length among three groups. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, balance training on unstable surface using balance pad and sand was more effective in improving balance in stroke patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.261-266
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• 2003

The present paper theoretically investigates characteristics of moment balance of a tilting-pad thrust bearing. Pressure of lubricant film of the bearing was computed using tile finite element method, and average film temperature was estimated from the heat balance over a pad. From the investigation, it has been found that different two sets of tilt angles satisfy moment equilibrium of the pad about tile pivot for a given pivot location. The tilt angles converged depend upon initial tilt angles assumed. Quite different bearing performance, including load capacity, film thickness, and temperature, is shown to be obtained based on choice of the initial tilt angles.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.152-156
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• 2004

The present paper theoretically investigates characteristics of moment balance of a tilting-pad thrust bearing. Pressure of lubricant film of the bearing was computed using the finite element method, and average film temperature was estimated from the heat balance over a pad. From the investigation, it has been found that different two sets of tilt angles satisfy moment equilibrium of the pad about the pivot for a given pivot location. The tilt angles converged depend upon initial tilt angles assumed. Quite different bearing performance, including load capacity, film thickness, and temperature, is shown to be obtained based on choice of the initial tilt angles.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.250-256
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• 2020

Background: Unstable surface-based core training can significantly enhance core strength, but no studies have compared the effects of balance pad- and sling-assisted exercises. Objects: To study the effects of unstable surface-based balance pad- and sling-assisted core strength exercises on muscle activity. Methods: Twenty male students aged 20-25 years participated in this study. The effects of three types of core strength exercises, performed with a sling or balance pad, on the activities of three muscles, i.e., the right musculus obliquus externus abdominis (EO), right erector spinae (ES), and right gluteus maximus (GM), were examined. Results: 1) In the glute bridge exercise, the percentage of maximum voluntary contraction of the EO, ES, and GM were significantly different between the balance pad- and sling-assisted exercises. The relative contribution of the ES and GM activities to all muscle activity were not significantly different between the two training types, whereas that for EO showed a significant difference. 2) There was no significant difference in the percentage value of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) among the EO, ES, and GM during the "leg-lifting with flat support" exercise, and there were no significant difference in the relative contributions between the two training types. 3) In the "side bridge leg separation exercise", the %MVC of the ES, EO, and GM were significantly different between the two training types. Conclusion: Sling training for core muscles was generally better than balance pad assist training. The majority of physiotherapy patients require core training. Our results could guide physiotherapists in the choice of targeted exercises for these patients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.47-57
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the Effects of Knee Extensor, Flexor Muscle Strength and Joint Position Sense in Squat Exercise on Variety Surface. Method : Subjuects were consisit of 30 male and female who had non disorder knee joint. we had devided 3 group(control group, balance pad group, and togu group) and we measured that knee joint $15^{\circ}/45^{\circ}$proprioception(position sense) and Peak Torque of knee extensor, flexor muslce at $60^{\circ}/sec$, $180^{\circ}/sec$ angular velocity. Result : First, knee joint $15^{\circ}$proprioception(position sense) of balance pad and togu group was significantly different after exercise(p<.05), but only balance pad group was significantly different at knee joint $45^{\circ}$. Second, knee extensor Peak Torque of balance pad and togu group was significantly different at $60^{\circ}/sec$, $180^{\circ}/sec$ angular velocity(p<.05). Third, knee flexor Peak Torque of balance pad and togu group was significantly different at $60^{\circ}/sec$, $180^{\circ}/sec$ angular velocity(p<.05). Conclusion : Squat exercises on the balance pad and togu were affects knee joint proprioception and muscle strength improvement. These results suggest that squat exercise on the unstable surface is effective for prevention of knee joint injury and functional activity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.196-200
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the muscle activity of the trunk muscles during balance exercises on a stable and unstable surface in patients with stroke. Methods: Thirteen subjects (8 males, 5 females) with stroke were enrolled in the study. Muscle activity was recorded using surface EMG electrodes from the affected side of the erector spinae, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles. The exercise was performed under three conditions. For the first condition for balance exercise, subjects were instructed to sit on an exercise mat with legs extended. The second condition was to sit with legs extended, with a balance pad under their buttocks. The third condition was to sit with legs extended, have a balance pad under the buttocks and a balance cushion under the lower legs. Results: This study showed significant differences in EMG activities during both arm lifting exercise and weight shifting exercise between conditions. This study showed that the EMG activities of the erector spinae, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles were significantly higher when the trunk exercise was performed using the balance pad with balance ball than when using the stable surface. Conclusion: In conclusion, performing balance exercises using an unstable surface is a useful method for facilitating trunk-muscle strength and hence trunk stability.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2020

Purpose: The study investigated the effect of combined balance exercise using visual feedback and balance pads in rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients. Methods: The participants were 30 patients diagnosed with stroke who met the study selection criteria. Participants were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10: a balance pad exercise (BPE) group, a visual feedback exercise (VFE) group, and a combined balance exercise (CBE) group. All three groups engaged in 30 minutes of exercise, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks. Results: Pre-test and post-test results were analyzed using the functional reach test (FRT), the Berg balance scale (BBS), the timed up & go test (TUG), and the Korean version of the activities-specific balance confidence (K-ABC) scale. The study yielded the following results. Pre- and post-program FRT measures showed significant differences between the BPE and CBE groups (p < 0.05). BBS, TUG, and K-ABC scores showed clear differences in all three groups. Secondly, the CBE group and the BPE group a differed significantly on the BBS before and after the 6-week program (p < 0.05). Finally, the CBE group and the VFE group differed significantly on the BBS before and after the 6-week program (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study results indicate that combined balance exercise improves balance more effectively than the balance pad and visual feedback exercises. This finding should help to improve rehabilitation in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.13-18
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• 2010

Purpose : This study investigates the effects on balanced ability and ankle joint muscle following balance pad and trampoline training periods in order to report a clinical directing about this matter. Methods : A total of nine members participated in a balance training program that put a balance pad and trampoline to use. Participants trained three times a week for thirty minutes in groups of six. Resting time was set for two minutes. EMG (median frequency and root mean square) was used to measure muscle activity at 3 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively. The tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles were measured. Participants were measured with eyes open and closed. Results : The median frequency showed a significant difference according to the change in time in both muscles. Also, results showed a significant interaction between eyes open and closed in the gastrocnemius muscle. The root mean square only showed a significant difference according to the change in time in the gastrocnemius muscle. Conclusion : We suggest that the balance pad and trampoline training influence a decrease in the recruitment rate of slow twitch muscles through an improvement in balance ability; however, the training did not show a statistically significant difference with regards to eyes open and closed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.509-515
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• 2010

Purpose : This study was performed to examine the effect of stimulation task-oriented training on the balance ability of the hemiplegic patients caused by stroke. Methods : We made a random sampling of 25 hemiplegic patients caused by stroke. 10 patients(experimental group)were treated by simulation Task-oriented training and Conventional training used by balance pad. The other 10 patients(control group) were only treated by Conventional training used by balance pad. During the training, 3 patients from the experimental group and 2 patients from the control group were excluded by private affairs. The control group has done Conventional training 6 times a week for 6 weeks. And experimental group has done Simulation task-oriented training two times, conventional training four times a week for 6 weeks. Balance ability was assessed by Fuctional Reaching Test (FRT) : unilateral and bilateral reaching. Results : In comparison of FRT before and after training, two groups all was significantly improved(p<.05). But bilateral reaching variation was significantly improved in experimental group. Conclusion : we can use simulation Task-oriented training valuably to increase balance ability of hemiplegic patients.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.9 no.5 s.38
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• pp.7-13
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• 2006

In the present study, we develop an analysis module to be applicable to design of sliding thrust bearings. The pressure equation is solved by using the finite element method. Average lubricant temperature is obtained from using the energy balance method. The module developed has been applied to three types of thrust bearing, such as tapered-land thrust bearings of angular and diamond types, and tilting-pad thrust bearings. Effects of the dam of the tapered-lad thrust bearings have also been investigated. It has been seen that the tapered-land thrust bearings of angular type result in the highest load capacity, while the tilting pad thrust bearings result in the lowest lubricant temperature. It has also been seen that the dam in the tapered-land thrust bearings increases both the load capacity and lubricant temperature.