• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2006

The effects of dietary betaine on performance, blood compositions, hepatic amino acid concentrations and hormonal secretions were examined in laying hens. Egg production was significantly higher in birds fed the 16.5 % protein diet compared to those fed 14.5 % protein diet(p<0.05), whereas dietary supplementation of betaine did not show any significant effect. The high level of protein and betaine supplementation significantly improved egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion(p<0.05), while eggshell breaking strength, eggshell thickness and Haugh unit were not influenced by betaine and dietary protein levels. Supplemental betaine did not affect serum total protein, albumin and BUN concentration. However, uric acid concentration significantly increased in 600 ppm betaine-fed groups(p<0.05). Concentrations of most hepatic amino acid were influenced by increased protein feeding and dietary betaine supplementation. Hormone studies recorded significantly higher serum and hepatocyte IGF-I concentration in 600 and 1,200 ppm betaine treatments(p<0.05) compared to those of control group. IGF-I mRNA gene expression of hepatocytes revealed statistically correlated increase in 600 and 1,200 ppm betaine-fed groups compared to the controls(p<0.05). Serum IGFBP-3 concentration was significantly elevated in 600 ppm betaine treatments. However, the secretion of IGFBP-1 in hepatocyte of laying hens fed with 600 and 1,200 ppm of betaine showed a significant decrease compared to the control group(p<0.05). Results of these study show that dietary betaine supplementation affects protein and hormone metabolism in laying hens.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.394-404
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the pharmacodynamics of betaine on the blood profile and short chain fatty acid levels in meat ducks exposed to heat wave. 400 heads of Cherry valley (Anasplatyrhynchos) meat ducks were completely randomized to 5 treatments (4 repetitions each), and were raised for 42 days. They were grouped into T1 (heat wave control group without betaine), T2 (betaine 400 ppm), T3 (betaine 800 ppm), T4 (betaine 1200 ppm), and T5 (normal control group without betaine). Compared to T1, the betaine addition groups showed higher body weight gain at shipment, with T3 showing the highest significant difference. For hematological indictors measured (red blood cells and platelets), the betaine addition groups showed significantly higher values than the heat wave control group. The pH of the former was lower but their electrolytes ($K^+$, $P^+$, and $Cl^-$) were significantly higher compared to the latter. For blood gas concentration, the former showed a significantly higher value than the latter. For the total short chain fatty acids, acetic acid, and propionic acid, the betaine addition groups and group fed broiler-high temperature diet showed higher values than the heat wave control group. On the other hand, the former showed significantly lower values in butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid than the latter group. These results suggest that betaine has the pharmacodynamics that mediate heat stress, via the maintenance and control of the blood profile, osmotic pressure, gas concentration, and short chain fatty acid, of meat ducks under heat wave.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1993.04a
• /
• pp.46-46
• /
• 1993

The neuroprotective effect of betaine, one of the , components of Lycii Fructus, on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured chicken brain cells were examined. Betaine was found to attenuate glutamate-induced neurotoxicity at the concentration of 5-10 mM in both morphological and chemical aspects. The pretreament of chicken brain cells with 5-10 mM betaine for 2 hr at the 12th day of culture before the 40 min-exposure to 500${\mu}$M glutamate significantly increased the survival rate of nerve cells in chicken brain. Betaine could also raise the decreased LDH-level due to the neurotoxicity induced with 100${\mu}$M glutamate in chicken braill cells. LDH value was decreased to 63％ of control level in chicken brain cells at the time of 48 hr after the exposure to glutamate. However, the pretreament of chicken brain cells with 5 mM betaine for 2 hr before the exposure to glutamate could prevent the decrease of LDH-level in brain cells showing 90％ of control level. Nevertheless, tile remarkable neuroprotective effect of betaine on the glutamate-inducer in neurotoxicity in cultured chicken brain cells could not be observe when betaine was simultaneously administered with glutamate.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.487-492
• /
• 2011

In our previous study, we investigated Chenopodium album Linne (CAL) ethanol extract and its fractions on anti-gastritic actions using the HCl/ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric lesion model and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Based on the results, butanol fraction was most effective among fractions obtained from CAL. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of butanol fraction, and betaine as a constituent of the butanol fraction, on gastritis and anti-gastric cancer cell growth. First, we examined antioxidant properties using hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical, and we found that butanol fraction and betaine may be good antioxidants. Second, cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring cell viability and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylinodole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining of human gastric cancer cells (AGS cells). We also examined the relationship between the cytotoxicity and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling mechanism. The butanol fraction demonstrated cell viability 71.49% at the concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and increased intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in a dose dependent manner. Finally, we observed the mucus content as a defensive factor and gastric secretion as an aggressive factor, and found that the mucus content noticeably increased when treated with butanol fraction and betaine and gastric secretion decreased when treated with betaine in vivo study. From these results, we suggest that CAL butanol fraction and betaine may have protective effects on gastritis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.259-263
• /
• 1992

The neuroprotective effect of betaine, one of the components of Lycii Fructus, on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured chicken brain cells were examined. Betaine was found to attenuate glutamate-induced neurotoxicity at the concentration of $5{\sim}10{\;}mM$ in both morphological and chemical aspects. The pretreatment of chicken brain cells with $5{\sim}10{\;}mM$betaine for 2hr at the 12 th day of culture before the 40min-exposure to $500\;{\mu}M$ glutamate significantly increased the survival rate of nerve cells in chicken brain. Betaine could also raise the decreased LDH-level in chicken brain cells which were induced neurotoxicity with $100\;{\mu}M$ glutamate. LDH value was decreased to 63% of control level in chicken brain cells at the time of 48 hr after the exposure to glutamate. However, the pretreatment of chicken brain cells with 5 mM betaine for 2 hr before the exposure to glutamate prevent the decrease of LDH in cells showing 90% of control level. Nevertheless, the remarkable neuroprotective effect of betaine on the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured chicken brain cells could not be observed when betaine was simultaneously administrated with glutamate.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.569-576
• /
• 1998

The effects of carbohydrates, hormones and elicitors on both cell growth and betaine production were investigated in the cell cultures of Lycium chinense Mill. The maximum effect of glucose and sucrose was observed in cells cultured in the presence of 3% and 7% for cell growth and betaine production, respectively. The effect of hormones on cell growth and betaine production was prominent in the presence of 10 ${\mu}$M 2, 4-D, 10 ${\mu}$M NAA and 2.5 ${\mu}$M IAA, whereas cell growth and betaine production were excellent at 2.5 ${\mu}$M BA and 10 ${\mu}$M BA, respectively. Abiotic elicitors such as KCI, MnCl2 and NaCl exhibited an inhibitory role on cell growth in all treatment groups. Betaine production was increased according to increase of concentration of abiotic elicitors. methanol-soluble and insoluble components as biotic elicitor remarkably inhibited cell growth from 2 mg and 6 mg, respectively. Betaine production was increased maximally at 2 mg of biotic elicitors. When growth medium was switched to production medium at two stage culture, it resulted that cell fresh weight and dry weight decreased but betaine content increased about 2.2-fold.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.706-711
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to compare the growth performance and quality properties of pork from finishing pigs fed different levels of betaine. A total 120 female pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were fed either a control commercial diet or the control diet supplemented with 2, 4 and 6% betaine for 31 days. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the 2% diet was lower than of the other treatment groups. The average daily gain (ADG) for pigs fed betaine diets was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with nonsupplemented diets. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed betaine diets was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with nonsupplemented diets. pH of loin and ham samples were not significantly different between dietary groups, whereas CIE a* (redness) of pork loin was increased by dietary betaine. Also, the shear force value of loin was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pigs given dietary betaine compared with non-supplemented diets, but no significant differences were found in cooking loss by the loin among diets with different levels of betaine (p>0.05). Dietary supplementation with betaine decreased total cholesterol concentrations in blood, and increased saturated fatty acid and decreased unsaturated fatty acid levels in muscle. Pigs supplemented with betaine had increased betaine concentrations in the loin muscle. It was concluded that dietary betaine supplementation of finishing pigs can improve growth performance and reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. It was also concluded that dietary betaine produced detectable betaine concentrations in the lion muscle.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.218-223
• /
• 1995

Osmolytes accumulated in the osmotically stressed Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 9610 were investigated using natural abundance $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. Glycine betaine, one of the more common and most effective osmolytes found in nature, was the dominant osmolyte in osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica cells. Glycine betaine concentration was 41.8 times higher (801.9 nmol/mg protein) in stressed cells than in unstressed cells (19.2 nmol/mg protein). Proline was the minor osmolyte, and its concentration was 284.8 nmol/mg protein. The effects of glycine betaine and related osmolytes on growth rate of osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica were investigated to identify their ability as osmolytes for Y. enterocolitica. When glycine betaine and proline were added in MMA medium containing 2.5% NaCl, the growth rate with glycine betaine (1 mM) was 3.6 times higher than in control (no addition of osmolyte), and that with proline was 1.3 times higher. Dimethylglycine (5 mM) also increased the growth rate 3.1 folds. On the other hand, monomethylElycine had no effect on growth of osmotically stressed and unstressed Y. enterocolitica. When carnitine was added in MMA medium containing 2.5% NaCl, carnitine (5 mM) increased the growth rate 2.4 folds, but choline had no effect on growth of osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica. The above results indicate that glycine betaine is the dominant osmolyte in osmotically stressed Y. enterocolitica, and proline, dimethylglycine and carnitine also act as minor osmolytes.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2005

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary betaine and protein levels on performance, internal e99 Qualify, blood composition, abdominal fat and liver amino acid concentration in laying hens. A total of 432 ISA-Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to four treatments with six replications for twenty few weeks. Treatments were factorially designed with two levels of crude protein(14.5 and $16.5\%$) and two levels of betaine(0 and 600ppm). The egg production was increased by feeding $16.5\%$ protein-fed group compared to that of $14.5\%$ protein-fed groups(P<0.05), but was different from betaine supplementation. Increasing protein and betaine supplementation to diets improved egg weight, egg mass and fred conversion(P<0.05). Eggshell breaking strength, thickness and Haugh unit were not influenced by either dietary betaine or protein levels. Dietary betaine did not affect serum total protein, albumin and uric acid concentration, whereas uric acid concentration was increased in $16.5\%$ protein-fed groups(P<0.05). The deposition of abdominal fat was lower in 600ppm betaine groups compared to those fed on 0ppm betaine groups(P<0.05). Concentration of the most hepatic amino acids were affected by dietary protein levels and betaine supplementation. There were synergistic effect between dietary protein and betaine. These results suggested that dietary betaine can improve the egg weight, mass, feed conversion and decrease the abdominal fat, but increase the hepatic amino acid contents.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.54 no.3
• /
• pp.200-207
• /
• 2018

At high salt concentration, glycine betaine is transported into Bacillus subtilis and growing rate of the cell is not suppressed. Also according to recent studies, cell growth is maintained normal growth rate at low temperature. Low temperature results in a stress response of Bacillus subtilis that is characterized by strong repression of major metabolic activities such as translation machinery and membrane transport. In this regards, genes showing cold sensitive phenotype are cold-induced DEAD box RNA helicases (ydbR, yqfR) and fatty acid desaturases (bkdR, des). Therefore to understand the effect of glycine betaine on cold growth of Bacillus subtilis, we investigated the effect of glycine betaine on growth rate of these deletion mutants showing cold sensitive phenotype. Glycine betaine strongly stimulated growth of wild type Bacillus subtilis JH642 and deletion mutants of ydbR and yqfR at $20^{\circ}C$ (190~686 min $T_d$ difference). On the other hands, glycine betaine does not show growth promoting effects on deletion mutants of bkdR, and des at cold conditions. Same cold protectant growth results were shown with the precursor choline instead of glycine betaine. We investigated the effects of detergents on the cell membrane in bkdR and des deficient strains associated with cell membrane. It was identified that bkdR deficient strain shows retarded growth with detergent such as Triton X-100 or N-lauryl sarcosine compared with wild type cell. Thus, it is possible that deletion mutation of bkdR modifies membrane structure and effects on transport of glycine betaine.