• 한국어병학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2021

In biofloc culture for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, the possibility of antibiotics treatment was investigated against edwardsiellosis. After inducing edwardsiellosis by immersion in Edwardsiella tarda 1.2 × 10⁵/mL suspension, the survival trends on various biofloc water management and some physiological changes were observed. For biofloc water management, six types of water treatments were carried out, which were no exchange without antibiotics as negative control, the exchange to stored biofloc water, the exchange to stored biofloc water with 20% flow-through, the exchange to fresh biofloc water, half fresh biofloc water and half sea water, and the complete flow-through. There was no significant physicochemical change on water qualities in any type. The exchange to fresh biofloc water was shown the highest survival ratio as 72.3%, and in case of stored biofloc water with 20% flow-through, the survival ratio was also significantly high as 62%. Plasma glucose, cholesterol, total protein, calcium, and magnesium were analyzed as physiological index. Mostly, there was no significant change, but plasma cholesterol showed an initial decrease in low survival group, and an initial increase with high survival group. Consequently, antibiotic treatment against a bacterial disease during biofloc culture is possible as long as the biofloc water management follow along properly.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.297-310
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• 2021

The rockworm gut flora was identified at each growth stage to elucidate the composition of the bacterial community. The source material was Marphysa sanguinea fed regular feed and fed biofloc at the adult stage in parallel. The systematic bacterial community composition was determined based on the next-generation sequencing method, and alpha diversity and beta diversity were conducted to access the species diversity within and between the bacterial communities, respectively. The composition of the gut flora changed considerably as the rockworms developed. The shift in the gut flora was confirmed at the phylum, family, and genera level of the bacterial communities. The Vibrio species associated with high rockworm mortality occupied 7.7% of the gut flora at the larval stage; however, they disappeared in the healthy adult gut. Moreover, different gut flora was observed between adults fed regular feed and those fed biofloc. Specifically in the biofloc-fed adult gut, several immune relevant and water-purifying bacteria were detected. The biofloc-fed adult gut flora could decompose and mineralize organic sediment, and thus be effectively utilized for integrated multitrophic aquaculture. The Venn diagram revealed that only two bacterial species were shared throughout all growth stages, and the biofloc-fed adults exhibited the highest diversity within the bacterial community.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.15.1-15.7
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• 2017

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of a biofloc powder on growth performance and non-specific immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven experimental diets were prepared with supplementation of graded levels of dried biofloc powder by 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0% (designated as Con, BF0.5, BF1, BF2, BF4, BF6, and BF8, respectively). Triplicate groups of shrimp ($1.01{\pm}0.01g$) were hand-fed with one of the diets four times a day. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (P<0.05) higher growth performance and feed utilization were obtained in BF4 groups compared to those fed the Con diet. The innate immunity of shrimp was improved by the dietary supplementation of biofloc. Dietary inclusion of biofloc at the level of 4.0% significantly increased disease resistance of shrimp against Vibrio harveyi. The results indicate that biofloc might be used as a dietary supplement for growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.649-659
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• 2023

The present study compared the structure of mixilliped of Fenneropenaeus chinensis between the larval and adult stage and investigated the effect of the structural difference on the immunity of F. chinensis. A fourteen day and a one-month long culture trial were conducted each with postlarvae and adults of F. chinensis in the biofloc, mixed water (50% biofloc:50% clear seawater) and seawater control. Immune-related genes mRNA expressions of postlarvae was analysed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). And the analysis of adult stage immunity was carried out using phenoloxidase (PO) enzyme activation in haemocyte. In the postlarvae, the final body weights were 51.43 and 58.47 mg for the biofloc water and the control seawater, respectively. On the other hand, the final body weights of the adults were significantly different between biofloc water and seawater. The survival rate showed the opposite trend to the growth rate. Immune related genes mRNA expression levels in the postlarvae in the biofloc water were significantly lower than those in the seawater. While, the adult stage showed significantly higher PO enzyme activations in the biofloc water than in the seawater with the PO enzyme activation increasing proportionally to the biofloc concentration. This result is considerably explained by the observations of setal morphological structures of the third maxilliped: postlarvae have short serrulated setae that compose the small 'net' structure while adults had long and dense plumose setae. It is understood that the morphological difference of the maxilliped structure resulted in the different feeding abilities in the postlarvae and the adult F. chinensis to use bioflocs as food source.

• 환경생물
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.373-379
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• 2017

본 연구는 넙치 치어 (평균 체장 $19.8{\pm}2.6cm$, 평균 체중 $19.8{\pm}2.6cm$)를 바이오플락에 각 농도별 0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, $1,500mg\;L^{-1}$의 질산염과 일반 해수에 각 농도별 0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, $1000mg\;L^{-1}$의 질산염을 96시간 노출시킨 후 생존율 및 혈액학적 변화를 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 넙치 치어의 반수치사농도 ($96h\;LC_{50}$, 96시간 노출 후 총 개체수의 50%가 폐사하는 농도)는 바이오플락 내의 질산염 노출 실험구에서는 $1,226mg\;NO_3L^{-1}$, 해수에서는 $597mg\;NO_3L^{-1}$ (P<0.05)였으며, 이는 넙치 유생이 높은 질산염에 노출되었을 경우, 같은 농도에서도 바이오플락 사육수 보다 일반 해수에서 생물에 독성의 영향이 크게 나타난다고 볼 수 있다. 혈액학적 분석 결과에서는 일반 해수에서 넙치의 hematocrit는 $250mg\;L^{-1}$ 이상의 농도에서 대조구에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 증가를 나타낸 반면, 바이오플락에서 넙치의 hematocrit는 $1,000mg\;L^{-1}$의 질산염 노출에서만 대조구 대비 통계적으로 유의한 증가를 나타냈다 (P<0.05). 그러나, hemoglobin은 일반 해수와 바이오플락 모두 질산염 농도 의존적 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 질산염 노출에 따른 혈장 효소 성분 분석 결과에서는 혈장 AST와 ALT의 경우, 바이오플락과 일반 해수 모두 각 농도별 질산염 노출에 따라 유의하게 증가하였으나, ALP의 경우 두 실험구에서 모두 질산염 농도 증가에 따른 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 바이오플락 환경에서 사육된 넙치가 일반해수에 사육된 넙치에 비해 단기간 질산염 노출에 대한 한계농도 및 혈액학적 성상에서 더 높은 질산염 내성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 일반 해수보다 바이오플락 내의 질산염 노출이 상대적으로 생물에게 낮은 독성을 가지며, 이와 같은 효과는 양식에 있어 바이오플락을 이용함으로써 잠재적인 질산염 독성 영향을 경감시켜줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

In this study, changes in biofloc-related and pathogenic bacteria in both low and high concentration biofloc breeding water planted with the halophyte (Triglochin maritimum were investigated). In the low-concentration biofloc breeding water, the ratio of bacteria related to the nitrogen cycle was initially 59.57% and, it decreased to 26.57% at the end of the experiment while other bacteria (excluding nitrogen-cycling bacteria and vibrios) increased from 38.75% to 73.43%. However, the planted experimental group maintained a relatively high ratio of nitrogen cycling bacteria at 58%. In the high-concentration experimental group, bacteria related to the initial nitrogen cycle, non-pathogenic vibrios, and pathogenic vibrios were 11.60, 36.28, and 20.14%, respectively. Finally, nitrogen-cycling bacteria were 36.47% in the control group and 37.55% in the planted group. The total number of vibrios decreased by 46.54% in the planted group and 48.01% in the control group, indicating a significant decrease in both experimental groups. However, the residual rate of pathogenic vibrios was 4.48% in the control group and 0.54% in the planted group. Overall, the planted group showed decreasing harmful bacteria and increasing useful bacteria.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.750-755
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• 2017

Flatfish Paralichthys olivaceus raised in biofloc system (mean length $27.6{\pm}3.1cm$, mean weight $280.4{\pm}26.5g$) were exposed for to different concentrations of ammonia (0, 8, 16, 32, and $64mg\;{NH_4}^+/L$) for 7 days. Following ammonia exposure, hematological parameters such as hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly reduced. Plasma components such as magnesium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) were significantly altered by ammonia exposure, whereas there were no significant changes in calcium, cholesterol, or total protein. Antioxidant responses, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly elevated following ammonia exposure. The results of this study indicate that ammonia exposure induces significant changes in hematological parameters and antioxidant responses in biofloc-reared Paralichthys olivaceus as a toxic response.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2021

Purpose: This study focuses on exploring ways to improve the distribution method of shrimp farming so that it is eco-friendly and increases the distribution of shrimp. Research design, data and methodology: The experimental device installed in a biofloc shrimp culture in one area tested 10 times. Complex odor, concentration of H2S, water quality improvement effected by decomposition of organic substances, and degree of microbial activation measured. The data of the experimental results verified using the T-test technique, and the p value was determined based on the significance probability of 0.05. Results: This experimental device was effective in reducing odor and hydrogen sulfide in shrimp farms. With the improvement of water quality, dissolved oxygen increased due to the microbubble and cavitation action of air ejector and ultrasonic waves. In addition, the cultured microorganisms in the cultured water treated by the experimental device were remarkably proliferated compared to the raw water. Conclusions: The biofloc distribution method has a significant effect on improving water quality and reducing odor substances and will become a new eco-friendly and efficient distribution method for shrimp farming in the future.

• 환경생물
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2019

안정된 바이오플락 사육수에는 대량의 미생물들이 존재하고 있으며 사육수온이 높아 재사용이 가능할 경우 빠른 수질안정화 및 에너지 절약을 할 수 있다. 바이오플락 사육수 내 부유하고 있는 자가 및 타가 영양세균은 호기성과 혐기성 세균을 모두 포함하고 있어 탄소원을 넣고 산소를 공급하지 않는 혐기성 상태로 만들면 탈질과정이 가능하다. 본 연구에서 바이오플락 탈질수의 특성은 암모니아(6.9 mg L^-1), 아질산(0.3 mg L^-1), 질산농도(9.2 mg L^-1), 높은 pH(8.42), alkalinity (590 mg L^-1)였으며 이 탈질수를 첨가한 사육수의 물리적 환경 변화가 어린새우의 생존 및 생리적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 탈질수를 100% 사용하여도 생존율의 변화를 보이지 않았으나 혈림프를 포함한 체액 분석결과 탈질수 혼합에 의한 조직손상 및 스트레스 지표인 크레아틴, 혈중 요소성 질소의 증가가 관찰되었고 탈질수 혼합비율이 높을수록 새우 체내 이온(Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-)의 농도가 유의적으로 감소하여 향후 삼투압조절에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타남에 따라 탈질수를 일정비율로(50% 미만) 혼합하여 사용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.496-506
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• 2015

본 연구는 바이오플락을 기반으로 한 무 환수 사육 시스템에서 안정된 수질을 유지하기 위한 적정 수온 범위를 조사하였다. 이를 위해 다음과 같이 수온에 대한 5개의 실험 수조를 설정하였다: 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃ 그리고 30℃. 우선 각각의 실험 수조에 바이오플락을 기반으로 한 사육시스템을 조성하고, 조성된 각 실험 수조에 금붕어를 수용하여 사육수를 교환하지 않고 60일 동안 사육하였다. 바이오플락 기반 사육시스템이 조성되고, 무기 질소화합물들($NH_4{^+}-N$, $NO_2{^-}-N$, 그리고 $NO_3{^-}-N$)의 농도가 안정되게 낮은 상태는 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃에서 각각 17, 26, 43, 68, 그리고 78일 이후에 유지되었다. 바이오플락 기반 사육 수조에 금붕어를 사육하기 시작하면서 $NH_4{^+}-N$ 농도가 10℃와 15℃에서는 지속적으로 낮은 상태가 유지되었으나, 20℃, 25℃ 그리고 30℃에서는 점진적 으로 증가하였다. 10℃와 15℃에서 $NO_2{^-}-N$과 $NO_3{^-}-N$의 농도는 낮은 상태가 유지되지 않고 바로 증가하였다. 반면, 20℃ 이상에서 $NO_2{^-}-N$의 농도는 지속적으로 비교적 안정되게 낮은 농도를 유지하였으며, $NO_3{^-}-N$의 농도는 점진적으로 증가하였다. 바이오플락 기반 수조에서 15℃ 이하의 조건에서는 $NO_2{^-}-N$ 농도를 낮고 안정된 상태를 유지할 수 없었다. 20℃ 이상에서 pH와 NH₄⁺-N 농도 사이의 역상관관계가 pH 4.0과 6.0 사이에서 나타났다. pH 4.0과 6.0 범위에서 $NH_4{^+}-N$ 농도가 감소함에 따라 pH는 증가하였다. 그러나 pH 6.0과 8.0 사이에서는 pH와 $NH_4{^+}-N$ 농도 간 상관관계가 없었었으며, pH 6.0 이상에서는 $NH_4{^+}-N$ 농도가 지속적으로 낮은 상태를 유지하였다. 이러한 결과는 20℃ 이상에서 $NH_4{^+}-N$ 농도를 낮고 안정된 상태로 유지하기 위해서는 pH를 6.0 이상 유지해야만 한다는 것을 보여준다.