• Advances in environmental research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2015

Bisphenol A is widely used in plastic and other industrial consumer products. Release of bisphenol A and its analogues into the aquatic environment during manufacture, use and disposal has been a great scientific and public concern due to their toxicity and endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic wildlife and even human beings. More recent studies have shown that these alkylphenols may affect the molting processes and survival of crustacean species such as American lobster, crab and shrimp. In this study, we have developed gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) methods for the determination of bisphenol A and its analogues in shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii, blue crab Callinectes sapidus and American lobster Homarus americanus samples. Bisphenol A, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol and 4-cumylphenol were found in shrimp in the concentration ranges of 0.67-5.51, 0.36-1.61, and < LOD (the limit of detection)-1.96 ng/g (wet weight), and in crab of 0.10-0.44, 0.13-0.62, and 0.26-0.58 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. In lobster tissue samples, bisphenol A, 2-t-butyl-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, 2,6-bis-(t-butyl)-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, 2,4-bis-(dimethybenzyl)phenol, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol and 4-cumylphenol were determined at the concentration ranges of 4.48-7.01, 1.23-2.63, 2.71-9.10, 0.35-0.91, 0.64-3.25, and 0.44-1.00 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. At these concentration levels, BPA and its analogs may interfere the reproduction and development of crustaceans, such as larval survival, molting, metamorphosis and shell hardening.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1368-1373
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• 2008

An electrochemical reactor was designed and operated to treat the solution containing endocrine disruptive compounds such as phenol and bisphenol A. An experiment involving the electrochemical oxidation of bisphenol A was performed with the use of a dimensionally stable anode (DSA). The apparent current, conductivity, and the gap between cathode and anode were selected as design parameters. The phenol removal rate increased with an increase in apparent current. The bisphenol A removal rate increased with an increase in apparent current efficiency. An increase in the conductivity also led to an increase in the rate of removal of bisphenol A. The gap between cathode and anode did not affect the bisphenol A removal rate or the cathodic current efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.256-264
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• 2004

Adsorption characteristics of three endocrine disruptors, amitrol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol-A, were evaluated depending on the type and service duration of activated carbon (AC). Bituminous coal-, wood-, and coconut-based coals were tested. Bituminous coal-based AC (BCAC) had the greatest sorption capacity for the three chemicals tested, followed by wood-based AC (WAC) for nonylphenol and coconut palm-based AC (CAC) for bisphenol-A. During the column test, amitrol removal efficiency increased over time, indicating that hydrophilic endocrine disruptors are biodegraded in the AC column. Removal efficiencies of hydrophobic compounds such as nonylphenol and bisphenol-A decreased over time since the main removal mechanism was adsorption. The order of the amitrol removal was: BCAC-5.9 yr, CAC-3.l yr > BCAC-2.2 yr > BCAC-virgin > CAC-virgin > WAC-virgin > WAC-3.l yr. In general, used AC had greater removals than virgin AC. The order of the bisphenol-A removal was: CAC-virgin > BCAC-2.2 yr > CAC-3.l yr > WAC-virgin > BCAC-5.9 yr > WAC-3.l yr. The order of the nonylphenol removal was: BCAC-virgin > WAC-virgin > CAC-3.1 yr, WAC-3.1yr> BCAC-2.2 yr > BCAC-5.9 yr > CAC-3.1 yr. Bituminous coal AC performed the best over time. Endocrine disruptors such as these three compounds appear to be removed effectively by activated carbon through biodegradation and adsorption. Wood and coal based among the virgin ACs and 3.1 years used wood base among the used ACs appeared the lowest carbon usage rate(CUR) for nonylphenol removal by prediction model. Virgin and used coconut base ACs except BCAC had the lowest CUR for removal Bisphenol-A. Biodegradation of nonylphenol and Bisphenol-A did not occurred during the 9,800 bed volume experiment period. BCAC had the highest biodegradation capacity of 46% for amitrol among virgin ACs and the used coal based ACs had 33-44% higher biodegradation capacity than virgin's for amitrol so biodegradation is the effective removal technology for hydrophilic material such as amitrol.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2003

A new technique was proposed for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in tap water samples. The sample preparation consists of a solid phase extraction (SPE) of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A from a water sample with XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutyloxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatives or tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives for sensitive analysis with the CC/MS SIM mode. The recoveries were 86.6 ∼ 105.2％ (isoBOC derivatization) and 97.6∼484.5％ (TBDMS derivatization), respectively. The limit of quantitation of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol h for SIM were 0.001∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/1 (isoBOC derivatization) and 0.003∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/1 (TBDMS derivatization). The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9755∼0.9981 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9908∼0.9996 (TBDMS derivatization). When these methods were applied to tap water samples, the range of concentrations were 22.8∼31.3 ng/1 in 2,4-dichlorophenol, 28.6∼70.3 ng/1 in pentachlorophenol, 15.2∼17.4 ng/1 in t-butylphenol, 10.8∼13.2 ng/1 in t-octylphenol and 17.6∼36.3 ng/l in bisphenol A, respectively.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.501-507
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• 2002

In this work, diglycidylether of bisphenol-S (DGEBS) epoxy resin was prepared by alkaline condensation of bisphenol-S (BPS) with epichlorohydrin (ECH) in the presence of NaOH catalyst. The structure of the synthesized DGEBS epoxy resin was confirmed by IR, NMR spectra, and elemental analysis. The curing reaction and glass transition temperature ($T_g$) of DGEBS epoxy resin cured with phthalic anhydride (PA) and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA) at curing agents were studied by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the cured specimen was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As a result, the activation energy ($E_a$) of DGEBS/PA system was higher than that of DGEBS/THPA system, whereas $T_g$, initial decomposed temperature (IDT), and decomposition activation energy ($E_t$) of DGEBS/PA were lower than those of DGEBS/THPA. This was probably due to the fact that the crosslinking density of DGEBS/THPA was increased by ring strain of curing agent.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 2002

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer widely used in the manufacturing polycarbonate plastics or epoxy resin, and xenobiotics recently known as endocrine disrupting chemical. In this paper, to assess the effects of bisphenol A on immunopathological parameters (body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, cellularity and surface marker) in mice, ICR female mice were orally exposed to BPA dissolved in olive oil as concentrations of 100, 500, 1000 ㎎/㎏/day b.w. 5 days a week for 30 days (subacute exposure). Liver - and kidney weight was significantly increased as dose-dependent manner, but body- , spleen- and thymus- weight didn't changed. In hematological parameters, WBC and MCHC were lowered but HCT and MCV were siginificantly enhanced. There was no significant differences in peritoneal macrophages number of the mice exposed to BPA. However, number of splenocytes of spleen, CD3/sup +/ and CD4/sup +/ cell in splenocytes, CD4/sup +/ and CD8/sup +/ cell in thymocytes were decreased at the mice subacutely exposed to BPA. In addition, BPA decreased expression of B7-1 and B7-2 on macrophages. Therefore, these results showed BPA may affect hematological parameters, cellularity and surface marker of immunocytes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.456-462
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to assess cross-generational effects of bisphenol A exposure in benthic copepods, Tigriopus west. Nauplii (<24 hours old) were exposed to graded concentrations of bisphenol A, and toxicity end-points such as survival, development, sex ratio, and fecundity were measured. $F_1$ generations were grown under innoxious conditions, and similarly assessed. Significant differences were observed in development of nauplii and copepodites, between exposed and non-exposed copepods; however, there were no differences in survival of nauplii or copepodites, sex ratio, or brooding rate in parental generation. In contrast, in the $F_1$ generation, there were significant differences between the control group and exposed group in survival and development of nauplii. Length, width, and biomass of parental and $F_1$ generations were reduced in the exposed group compared to the control group. In addition, some deformities, such as swelling of the prosome, abnormally shaped egg sac, and dwarfism were observed after exposure to bisphenol A. So, our study demonstrates that a cross-generation toxicity test and monitoring of morphological deformities in harpacticoid copepods, can be useful for development of potential bioindicators for environmental monitoring, and assessment of chemical impact.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2010

Poly (ether sulfone)s with Bisphenol-TP and Bisphenol-AF were prepared with Bisphenol-TP <4,4-dihydroxy tetraphenyl methane>, 4-Fluorophenyl sulfone, and Bisphenol-AF <4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol> using Potassium carbonate in Sulfolane at $210^{\circ}C$. Sulfonated PBTP-AF were obtained by reaction of Chlorosulfuric acid with copolymers. A series of copolymers were studied by $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Sorption experiments were conducted to observe the interaction of polymers with water and methanol.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2011

Nanoporous structured tin dioxide ($SnO_2$) is characterized and its application in the photocatalytic destruction of endocrine, Bisphenol A, is examined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals irregularly shaped nanopores of size 2.0-4.5 nm. This corresponds to the result of an average nanopore distribution of 4.5 nm, as determined by Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) plot from the isotherm curve. The photoluminescence (PL) curve, corresponding to the recombination between electron and hole, largely decreases in the $TiO_2$/nanoporous $SnO_2$ composite. Finally, a synergy effect between $TiO_2$ and porous $SnO_2$ is exhibited in photocatalysis: the photocatalytic destruction of Bisphenol A is improved by combining the nanoporous structured $SnO_2$ with $TiO_2$, and 75% decomposition of 10.0 ppm of Bisphenol A is achieved after 24 h.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2003

A new technique is proposed for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in tap water. The sample preparation consists of a solid phase extraction (SPE) of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A from a water sample with XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutyloxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatives or tert.-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives for sensitive analysis with the GC/MS-SIM mode. The recoveries were 86.6∼105.2 % (isoBOC derivatization) and 97.6∼484.5 % (TBDMS derivatization), respectively. The limit of quantitation of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A for SIM were 0.001∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l (isoBOC derivatization) and 0.003∼0.050 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l (TBDMS derivatization). The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9755∼0.9981 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9908∼0.9996 (TBDMS derivatization). The derivative methods and their application to tap water samples will be disscussed.