• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.270-276
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• 2003

Methodology was suggested to analyze breast volume, base area of breast bulk. and surface area of breast using the 3D measurement system. Thirty-seven middle-aged (30s-40s) women wearing 80A brassiere were participated in this study. Image of the upper body was captured by Phase-shifting moire. The posture of the subject was adjusted to get the full image of the right breast. Rapidform 2001 was used for the analysis of the images. The mean breast volume was 547.0㎤ and mean base area of breast bulk was 235. I$\textrm{cm}^2$ It was also found that the volume(r=0.169) and surface area of breast(r=10.242) were loosely correlated with the circumference difference between top and under breast. Therefore, it is noted that current selection criterion of cup size based on the difference in the two kinds of breast circumference is inadequate. The result of this study is expected to contribute to the design of ergonomic brassiere as well as surgical operations in the medical field.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.840-849
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• 2006

Breast volume has been approximately estimated under the assumption that the shape of breast is a corn. However, women's breast is more like a bulged bag in reality. In this paper, three methods of breast volume estimation were compared to find out the more accurate method. The shape of the breast is assumed as a hemisphere in the first estimation method and a corn in the second one. In the third method, arc along the cross sectional shape of breast was utilized in the calculation. Comparisons among the methods were made using the actual 3D volume measurement of thirty seven women's breast. As results, the third method was the best one for the normal breast type, especially for the lower part of the breast ($R^2=0.74$) which is the crucial design parameter of the brassiere. Assumption of the shape of breast as a corn was reasonably acceptable when the breast is sagged. It was expected that when women wore brassiere, the accuracy of the third method would increase more, since the shape of breast becomes more symmetrical.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2004

The research subjects of this study were 30 unmarried Korean women from 20 to 29 who had never had an operation on their breast. Measurement method using plaster breast mold was used for measuring their volume of breast. The correlation between their breast volume and the methods to set up brassiere cups with the existing method and with their circumference of breast was analyzed using KendalI's Coefficient. which was to figure out a method which had a bigger correlation with the volume of breast between the method to set up brassiere cups using the existing method and the method using the circumference of breast. The results analyzed showed that the coefficient of correlation between the existing method and the volume of breast was .12 and the significance level was .45. They didn't have any correlation. On the other hand. the coefficient of correlation between the circumference of breast and the volume of breast was .82. which was very high values and the significance level was very high .0001. Therefore. it turned out that it was difficult to set up brassiere cups by using the existing method and it was easier and more reliable to set up the cups by using the circumference of breast.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.249-267
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to analyze breast shape by age, to classify breast types and then to suggest brassiere size chart. The subject of anthropometric measurement were 232 women in 20's and 40's. The direct anthropmetric measurement were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, duncan test, T-test, ANOVA, factor & cluster analysis The results are as follows; 1) as a result of analysis for the measurements, according to the increase of age, the items of height were decreased and the items of width, depth, cir- cumference, length were increased, being obesity and breast points were dropped. So the volume and bottom area of 40's women's breast were lager than 20's women's. The width of breast points was bide by increasing of intereior. 2) as a result of factor analyxis, 5 factors were extracted as important factor of breast shapes(obesity of breast and location of breast point, breast height and volume, upper dimensions of breast/lower dimensions of breast, interior dimensions of breast/exterior dimensions of breast, volume of the lower part and drop of breast) 3) as a reslut of cluster analysis, the breast shape were classified into 4 types. namely, typel has the smallest volume, bottom area of breast and the slenderest breast, type2 was the second obesity type. type3 was middle sized type. type4 has much dropped, wide bottom area of breast and the biggest form. 4) To establish brassiere sizing system, the loss funtion was used to decide interval of under bust girth and cup size of size chart. 20 brassiere sizes were established and the size chart covers 92.2% of all subject.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.40
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

It is necessary to research shape of the breast of girls at adolescence for developing well-fit brassiers. 313 participants reside in Chonju and Kunsan were gathered for body measurement. The conclusion of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) The Analysis of Body Shape by Measurement. Comparing Age GroupⅠ(aged 10 to 12)' measurement with Age GroupⅡ(aged 13 to 15)', Each items has statistical significance. Two groups differed in the length, girth, depth, width items. 2) Factor Analysis of Body Measurement (1) Age GroupⅠ'characteristics were categorized Three Factor : Breast size and breast apex length. Breast volume, Length of the Breast part. (2) Age GroupⅡ' characteristics consist of four factors, which are named as breast size and its jut (first factor), breast volume (second factor), contour of breast profile & its jut (third factor), shoulder length (fourth factor). 3) Characteristics of Breast Shape. (1) Breast shapes of Age GroupⅠ are classified into three types. Types 1 is a protruded and more voluminous shape. Type 2 is the most voluminous and breast fatness is highest. Type 3 is the smallest and flat shape growing now. (2) Breast shapes of Age GroupⅡ are also classified into three types. Type 1 is the longest in length and middle in fatness, voluminous in size. Type 2 is the smallest in stature and the slimmest in fatness in breast shape. Type 3 is middle in length, the fattest and the most voluminous in breast.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2010

This paper analyzes how to measure breast volume and the change in breast volume after wearing a brassiere. Measurement using a breast replica is used to measure the breast volume of 41 women in their twenties. The rate of persons having flat and hemispherical breast are high. The majority of subjects are size 75A, 80A, and 75B, and their under-bust size is 70. The current size specification should be refined for fitting according as the girth under bust decreases. The correlation between breast volume and the circumference of the breasts was high. It was more reliable to set up the cup size of a brassiere using the breast circumference. The mean breast volume is 263.68cc (nude) and the total volume wearing brassiere is 342.05cc. The volume difference according to wearing a brassiere is 78.37cc, which is less than the brassiere volume itself. The results show, the less breast volume of a subject, then the greater volume in wearing a brassiere.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.676-679
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• 2006

Purpose: Breast volume is one of the crucial measurements in preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of the results in mammoplasty. There are several methods suggested by different authors, but there is still no commonly accepted standard methods for measuring breast volume. To help the surgeons to base their estimation on an objective evaluation, we developed a simple method using Polyethylene bag and plaster molding. Methods: After Polyethylene bags were put in suitable size on both breasts of the patient in upright position, silk plaster was molded on the surface evenly. Then molds can be obtained after marking boundaries of breasts with a pen. Breast volume measurement can be done by filling water in the molds and measuring it. Moreover, postoperative design for natural skin brassier was possible using the molds. Results: This method was applied to 2 patients for reduction mammoplasty and the breast volume measurement was simple, hygienic and accurate, done within 10 minutes. Conclusion: This method using Polyethylene bag and plaster molding has several advantages. 1. It is comparatively accurate regardless of the size and shape of patient's breasts in upright position. 2. Measurement time is short and inconvenience and shame of patients can be reduced by making molds after putting on Polyethylene bags. 3. It is relatively economical and uses easily available hygienic materials. 4. The postoperative shape and volume of breasts can be predicted by using molds preoperatively.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2013

Background Preoperative volume assessment is useful in breast reconstruction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammography are commonly available to reconstructive surgeons in the care of a patient with breast cancer. This study aimed to verify the accuracy of breast volume measured by MRI, and to identify any factor affecting the relationship between measured breast volume and actual breast weight to derive a new model for accurate breast volume estimation. Methods From January 2012 to January 2013, a retrospective review was performed on a total of 101 breasts from 99 patients who had undergone total mastectomy. The mastectomy specimen weight was obtained for each breast. Mammographic and MRI data were used to estimate the volume and density. A standard statistical analysis was performed. Results The mean mastectomy specimen weight was 340.8 g (range, 95 to 795 g). The mean MRI-estimated volume was $322.2mL^3$. When divided into three groups by the "difference percentage value", the underestimated group showed a significantly higher fibroglandular volume, higher percent density, and included significantly more Breast Imaging, Reporting and Data System mammographic density grade 4 breasts than the other groups. We derived a new model considering both fibroglandular tissue volume and fat tissue volume for accurate breast volume estimation. Conclusions MRI-based breast volume assessment showed a significant correlation with actual breast weight; however, in the case of dense breasts, the reconstructive surgeon should note that the mastectomy specimen weight tends to overestimate the volume. We suggested a new model for accurate breast volume assessment considering fibroglandular and fat tissue volume.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2010

The breast types of middle-aged women of 80A (formerly 80B) size were classified through a 3D scanned nude body. Thirty seven measurements including the radius of curvature, surface area, volume, surface length, and breast displacements were used as input variables. We extracted five main factors through the factor analysis of the measurements and classified 36 subjects into 3 clusters through the cluster analysis. As a result of the factor analysis, the size of the breast, breast sag, the curvature of the inner and the outer breast curve, the width of the breast, and the nipple direction were found as the main factors. For the results of the classification of breast types, Cluster 1 was characterized by narrow breast width and unsymmetrical under the breast curve, whereas Cluster 2 was a wide and sagged shape. Cluster 3 was classified into big breast volume and symmetrical under-breast curve. The results are useful to the product development of high quality brassieres which reflect the 3D characteristics of breast types of middle-aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.280-291
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• 2013

This paper analyzes desirable breast types using measurements from 31 selected female subjects based on the ratio of breast in works of art and to design a brassiere cup design according to the breast type of 182 female subjects in their 20s. The subjects selected for this paper are somewhat larger than a previous study on aesthetically perfect breasts of foreigners according to chest breadth, center neck point to breast point, breast circumference, and breast volume. However, the aesthetic breasts of foreigners are larger than the subjects selected for this study according to chest depth, under-bust circumference, and bust point to bust point. Comparing various breasts types and aesthetic breasts, padding is necessary to complement the form of flat breasts to increase the volume and diameter. Brassiere cups for cone-shaped breasts should be designed to increase breast volume through an increase in nipple height. Hemisphere breasts should be designed to increase the overall volume-leaving diameter. Protrusion breasts should enhance the functions of aggregating and supporting without any increase or decrease of the breast volume. Drooping breasts require the ability to support a large volume to stabilize the breast. Subjects were selected depending on the ratio of breast silhouette as works of art and who have large breasts in disproportional to a slender trunk. Three items, the circumferential length of breast, height of the nipple, and the depth of inner breast using the anthropomorphic measurements of 182 subjects were measured through regression equations for breast volume. Breast volume = -394.86 + 27.52 ${\times}$ (the circumferential length of breast) + 18.73 ${\times}$ (height of the nipple) + 12.85 ${\times}$ (the depth of inner breast). Regression equations to extract the aesthetic breast volume in measurements irrelevant to breasts using the anthropomorphic measurements of 31 subjects were as follows. Aesthetic breast volume = -611.30 + 17.67 ${\times}$ (bust circumference) -24.29 ${\times}$ (under-bust circumference) + 16.31 ${\times}$ (neck point to breast point to waistline) + 22.83 ${\times}$ (bust breadth) + 12.22 ${\times}$ (waist depth) -8.34 ${\times}$ (interscye- front). This prediction equation is useful to develop a breast type brassiere pattern, complement breast enhancement surgery, or minimize the effect a mastectomy.