• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제39권
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• pp.281-314
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• 2006

Several explanations exist about the usage of disk-shaped bronze implements in the ancient society. Some argue that they were used as mirrors, others suggest percussion instruments, and still others bronze ornaments. Differences between disk-shaped bronze implements and mirrors with multiple knobs are that the former have no visible design, only one handle, and a sharp curvature unlike the latter with smooth curvature. The question is whether disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Korean peninsula have any light reflecting function. To answer this question, I carefully studied the concave surfaces of disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Goejeong-dong, Tongso-ri and Hapsong-ri sites. The main findings are as follows: (1) The concave sides of the disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Goejeong-dong and Tongso-ri sites were highly polished, and they were as reflective as bronze mirrors. (2) The concave side of the disk-shaped bronze implement from Hapsong-ri site was unpolished, and it was different from bronze mirrors. (3) As for the convex sides of the disk-shaped bronze implements, they did not appear to have been polished with care. Considering the above findings, the disk-shaped bronze implements excavated from Goejeong-dong and Tongso-ri sites belong to the stage where they could act as both mirrors and instruments. On the contrary, the disk-shaped bronze implement from Hapsong-ri site can belong to the stage where it lost the function of being a mirror as the result of maintaining only its function as an instrument. Even though disk-shaped implements had two functions, it can be considered that the light reflecting function expanded the role of a mirror with multiple knobs and the sound function helped the engraved round bronze implement to be converted into an eight-armed bronze rattle. Since it has been reported that shamans used bronze mirrors as percussion instruments in their performances in Korean peninsula and Siberia, I propose a reconsideration of the usage of mirrors in the ancient East Asia. Although the essential function of a mirror is to reflect light, other possible usages involving important functions need to be further investigated.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2004년도 제20회 발표논문집
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• pp.137-153
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• 2004

We have analyzed the ingredients of 17 pieces of Bronze Age bronze ware, and an additional 22 pieces of Koryo and Chosun dynasty bronze ware. We have also conducted analysis of the extraction sites where these bronze ware items were found. For analyzing the main ingredient the bronze ware items have been divided into 3 groups - Cu-Sn(70?75:20), Cu-Pb-Sn(70:10:10), Cu-Pb-Sn(60:10:20) type respectively. In tile cases of the Cu-Pb-Sn groups the division comes down to differences in the Cu content as the main component, and elements such as Ni, Fe, Co contribute as a micro ingredient. The geographical and periodic characteristics of ancient bronze ware items show that theircompositional element changes from Cu:Sn to Cu:Pb:Sn and the Cu content decreases with the period,while the Pb content increases with the period. Bronze ware items from Suchon Ri, Gongju (that were used in 3 B.C.) form very different categories from 3rd ${\~}$ 2nd B.C.. They additionally formed very different categories from those bronze ware items analyzed in this research. These bronze ware itemsare shown to be geographically close and periodically overlapped, but made of a new elemental composition. This shows an inflow of a production technical culture present in the new bronze wares. The main component content of Cu is lower, and the Co and Fe contents (as microelements) are much higher than that of other bronze ware items. Such facts showthat those bronze ware items used completely different materials from bronze ware items in other cultural areas, or that there were differences in smelting techniques In the places where ancient bronze ware items have been extracted, it is presumed that the materials originated from the southern parts of Korea andnorthern parts and southern parts of China. .As more bronze ware scientific research is compiled one can conclude that that there will be enough scientific evidence to study the Bronze Age culture of Koreasystematically.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2000

A rolled steel for structural parts and lead bronze alloy were bonded each other by a new semi-solid diffusion bonding process to investigate the effect of the process parameters, for example bonding temperature and bonding time, on the interface characteristics, and bonding behavior. It can be possible that manufacture of the bonded steel/lead bronze which has a cylindrical shape with inserted the lead bronze alloy into the steel ring by the diffusion bonding process under the semi-solid condition of the lead bronze alloy without any pressure and flux. It has been know that the control of the amount of the liquid phase in semi-solid lead bronze alloy was very important to obtain soundness interface, since the shear strength of the bonded steel/lead bronze at 850℃ for 60 minutes under the condition of about 40% of the liquid phase in the lead bronze alloy shows maximum value, 210 MPa. The shear strength increases with an increase in bonding time and show maximum value, and then decreases.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.296-305
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• 2020

Konbaung Dynasty was the last unified dynasty that ruled Myanmar from 18^th to 19^th century. During this time Buddhist art flourished in Myanmar due to the interest of the rulers toward their traditional culture. Metal decorative artifacts in the 18^th century are classified into structures and Buddha statues. They are further subdivided into gilt-bronze and bronze objects, depending on their material component. Three-dimensional gilt-bronze decorative artifacts were cast with a brass alloy of Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb and their surfaces were gilded with extremely thin gold leaves (less than 1 ㎛ in thickness). The gilded layer approximately comprised 10 wt% silver in addition to the main element, gold. The lack of Hg in the gilded layer, indicated that the amalgam gilding technique was not applied. The analysis results indicated that the lacquered gilding technique was applied to the objects. Bronze decorative artifacts without gilding were cast with materials containing Cu-Sn-Pb. The bronze pavilions and bronze Buddha staues were crafted using the same alloy of high-tin bronze, which approximately contained 20 wt% Sn. No heat treatment was applied to reduce the brittleness of the objects after they were cast with a large amount of Sn. The most significant difference between the gilt-bronze and bronze decorative artifacts lie in their elemental compositions. The gilt-bronze decorative artifacts with their gilded surface were manufactured using brass containing zinc, while the unplated bronze decorative artifacts were composed of bronze containing tin. Artifacts of the same type and size are classified differently depending on the materials utilized in the surface treatment such as gilding.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제51권
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• pp.235-256
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• 2018

본 연구의 목표는 송대(宋代)와 민국(民國) 이후의 청동기 화문(花紋)의 내용과 성과를 대상으로 이들 두 시대의 학술적 성취를 비교하여 고찰해 보는 것이다. 이러한 과정을 거쳐 중국의 청동기 연구 역사에서 청동기 화문(花紋) 연구의 기원과 발전 과정을 비교하여 살펴보고 이들의 학술적 가치를 알아보았다. 청동기를 연구하는 것은 종합적 성격의 학문이다. 그러나 과거에는 청동기 위에 새겨진 명문(銘文)이나 청동기를 분류하는 것을 위주로 연구되었다. 하지만 이에 비해 청동기 화문(花紋)에 대해서는 연구가 상대적으로 소홀히 진행되었다. 청동기 화문(花紋)은 고고학(考古學)과 신화학(神話學) 등의 학문과 연관되어 있으며 고대인들의 상상력을 알아볼 수 있는 중요한 단서를 제공하고 있다. 중국에서 본격적인 청동기 연구는 송대(宋代)로부터 시작되었다. 그 이후 청대(淸代)에는 청동기에 대한 연구가 다시 부흥했지만 청동기 화문(花紋)에 대해서는 특별한 학술적 성과가 없었다. 하지만 민국(民國) 시기에 이르러 청동기 화문(花紋) 연구는 송대(宋代)의 뒤를 이어서 수준 높은 발전을 이루게 되었다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권30호
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• pp.5-19
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• 2009

This study is about the conservation treatment from 2008 through 2009 of Gilt-Bronze Cap excavated from Andong tumulus at Guildu-ri, Podumyeon, Goheung, Jeonnan. The whole shape of Gilt-Bronze Cap was distorted and destroyed by the earth pressure. For the conservation treatment, first, soil and pollutants came from the findspot were removed. And then to assemble the whole shape of Gilt-Bronze Cap, we carried out the jointing work forming the shape after dismantling. Under that process, the rust of bronze was removed through the microscope at every moment and the gold-plated surface was revealed. Now the conservation treatment was completed and it is expected to perform the scientific research on the manufacturing methods and composition analysis of Gilt-Bronze Cap.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.217-240
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• 2013

The Chinese Bronze Epigraphy is based on the study of the Ancient Bronze, which is excavated from the ground and it is also related to Archeology and Historical Science as well. From the Han dynasty, to the Song dynasty and to the Qing dynasty. Chinese Graphonomy had a splendid development. Including ShuoWenJieZi in the Chinese Graphonomy and the study of Bronze got a shining improvement. ShuoWenJieZi as a key for deciphering ancient Chinese characters. With constant reference to the ShuoWenJieZi, Qing scholars pioneered the earliest large scale interpretations of bronze inscriptions. Several Qing Dynasty ShuoWen scholars such as a WangYun and DuanYuCai have made research in the Bronze Epigraphy. Through this research, we can figure out whether there is any relevance between the traditional study of Epigraphy and the Qing dynasty's.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권27호
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• pp.5-22
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• 2006

Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.24-48
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• 2022

탑에서 발견된 동경은 단순 공양품으로 여겨져 동경 연구에서도 크게 관심 받지 못했다. 그리고 탑 내 봉안 동경 연구는 오월국 탑에서 발견된 선각불상문경에 집중되어 있어, 탑 내 봉안 동경에 대한 전반적 특징을 알기 어려웠다. 그렇기에 본고는 오대~송대 시기 많은 탑들에서 발견된 동경이 목적을 갖고 봉안되었을 것으로 생각했으며, 이를 파악하기 위해 봉안 위치와 방식에 중점을 두었다. 오대 오월국시기에 탑 내 동경을 봉안하는 사례가 증가했고, 동경은 단순한 공양품이 아닌 목적을 갖고 불교와 관련된 도상이나 명문이 새겨져 있는 봉안품이었다. 이는 동경의 사용 목적이 변화했음을 보여주는 것으로 송대까지 영향을 끼친다. 송대는 오월국의 영향이 꾸준히 이어지면서도 송대 문화와 사회 분위기로 인해 동경 봉안 양상도 변화한다. 봉안된 동경의 종류는 소문경이 다수를 차지하며, 당대 동경도 꾸준히 사용되었다. 소문경은 오월국의 영향으로 선각불상문과 같은 도상과 명문을 새기기 용이했기에 적극적으로 사용했다. 또한 당대 동경은 송대 방고동기에 대한 관심과 황제의 영향으로 인해 귀하게 여겨져 탑을 조성할 때 당경을 공양품으로 봉안한 것으로 추정된다. 오대~송대 탑 내 동경 봉안은 그 방식에서 변화가 있었다. 당대 지궁 바닥이나 철함 내 놓아두던 동경은 의도적으로 벽에 붙이거나 천장에 매달아 놓았다. 이 방식을 크게 두가지로 구분하여 벽이나 천장에 감입하는 방식(감입경: 嵌入鏡)과 천장에 매달아 놓는 방식(현경: 懸鏡)으로 분류했다. 천장에 매달아 놓는 방식으로는 대표적으로 하북 정지사탑(靜志寺塔)이 있으며, 천장에 감입한 예로는 하남(河南) 복승사탑(福勝寺塔)이 있다. 이렇게 동경을 천장에 매달고 감입하는 방식은 중국 묘실과의 관련성이 높다. 송대 묘실은 넓고 높은 구조를 갖고 있어, 벽사용 동경을 이용해 묘실을 지키고자했다. 그렇기에 높은 곳에 동경을 두어 묘실을 비추게 했으며, 이는 앞서 언급한 두가지 방식으로 이루어졌다. 탑 역시 지궁이 넓고 높아짐에 따라 지궁의 중요한 부분을 지키고, 내부를 밝게 비추고자 했다. 따라서 오대~송대 탑 내 동경 봉안방식은 당시 묘실에 동경을 봉안하던 방식을 차용했던 것으로 생각되며, 이후 섬서(陝西) 묘각사탑(妙覺寺塔)과 같이 적극적으로 설계 때부터 감입을 고려하여 동경을 놓을 자리를 마련해 놓은 예도 등장하게 된다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권21호
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• pp.77-99
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• 2000

Tumuli located in Chodang-dong in Kangreung City are sitesexcavated by the Museum of Kangreung University in 1993.Ofthese sites, a gilt bronze crown and gilt bronze sword with ring pommel with a tri-leaf ornament were excavated from the B-16tumulus. Underneath the gilt bronze crown was the gilt bronzes word with ring pommel with tri-leaf ornament, and these artifacts were treated with Polyurethane foams on the spot followed by special measures for conservation. This manuscript describes measures for conservation andanalysis with regard to the gilt bronze crown, gilt bronze sword with ring pommel with tri-leaf ornament and gilt bronze beltornaments. Bronze on the gilt bronze crown was completely corroded, therefore it was consolidated together with soil in the back of the artifact with Paraloid B72 after cleaning. Polyurethanefoams bottom was finished by applying the mixture of Epoxy resinAW106 and HV935K with soil. On the sword with ring pommel, the wooden part of the hilt was coated with Paraloid B72 (in Xylene) and the blade was consolidated with Paraloid NAD-10 30% after desalting with Sodium sesquicarbonate method. The gilt bronzebelt ornaments were treated with 3% Benzotriazole, coated with Paraloid B72 and then joined by using Cyanlacrylate. Specimens for the gilt bronze crown and gilt bronze belt ornaments were produced and gilding layers were examined under a metallographic microscope. The gilt bronze crown and the gilt bronze belt ornament maintained relatively good gilding quality with uniform gilding layers. Analysis of wood for the sheath of the sword with ring pommel revealed it to be Juglans mandshurica. Further more, analysis of constituents for a blue colored grassbead from dissolution of Polyurethane foams found it to be from the $Na_2O$-CaO-$AI_2O_3$-$SiO_2$ family.