• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.247-249
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• 2010

Foxp3 is a transcript factor for regulatory T cell development. Interestingly, Foxp3-expressing cells were identified in B cells, especially in CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells, while those were not examined in CD19(+)CD5(-) B cells. Foxp3-expressing CD5(+) B cells in this study were identified in human PBMCs and were found to consist of $8.5{\pm}3.5%$ of CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells. CD19(+)CD5(+)Foxp3(+) B cells showed spontaneous apoptosis. Rare CD19(+)CD5(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory B cell (Breg) population was unveiled in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and suggested as possible regulatory B cells (Breg) as regulatory T cells (Treg). The immunologic and the clinical relevant of Breg needs to be further investigated.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2000

To investigate the adsorption-desorption reaction of Cd by sewage sludge, the adsorption of Cd from $Cd(NO_3)_2$ solutions of concentrations ranging from 5 to $50{\mu}g\;Cd\;mL^{-1}$ by sewage sludge was examined for reaction periods up to 48 hours. The amount of Cd adsorbed as a function of time was measured. The adsorption between Cd in solution and the solid phase could be described by two stages. The initial adsorption of Cd was very rapid, that is, approximately 95% of the added Cd was removed from solution within the first 30 minutes. Further, the greater the concentration of Cd added, the greater was the amount of Cd adsorbed. After the rapid initial decrease of Cd, a slower decline in the Cd concentration resulted which followed first order reversible kinetics. The equilibrium concentrations for the reactions, as well as the time period for the equilibrium reactions were dependent on the initial Cd concentrations. If equilibrium is reached, the amount of Cd remaining in solution is greater when the amount adsorbed is higher, although the percentage of Cd in solution is constant relative to the initial concentration of Cd. Some of the adsorbed Cd was released back to solution since the concentration of Cd after 48 hours was higher than the equilibrium concentration of Cd. However, despite the increased amount of Cd measured, the overall net reaction was a significant adsorption of Cd from solution by sewage sludge.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.356-361
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• 2015

$Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S/ZnO$ composite photocatalysts were synthesized using the precipitation method and characterized by XRD, UV-vis DRS, PL and FE-SEM. Photocatalytic activities of the materials were evaluated by measuring the degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. Contrary to ZnO, $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S/ZnO$ materials absorb visible light as well as UV and their absorption intensities in visible region increased with increasing the $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S$ amount. The increment in the $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S$ content in $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S/ZnO$ also leads to reducing the particle size and consequently increasing the specific surface area. $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S/ZnO$ materials with the larger $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S$ content showed the higher activity in the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. Therefore, the heterojunction effect between $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S$ and ZnO as well as the adsorption capacity seems to give important contributions to the photocatalytic activity of the $Cd_{0.5}Zn_{0.5}S/ZnO$.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2008

We investigated if Chlorella vulgaris (CV) has protective effects on cadmium (Cd) induced liver damage in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Forty rats, aged 5 weeks old and weighed 90-110g, were divided into a control (with Cd free water), 50 ppm of $CdCl_2$ in drinking water treated groups (Chlorella 0% diet group (Cd/CV0%), Chlorella 5% diet group (Cd/CV5%) or Chlorella 10% diet group (Cd/CV10%). All the rats had freely access to water and diet for 8 weeks. The results show that body weight gain and relative liver weight had significantly lower in Cd/CV0%-treated group than in Cd/CV-treated groups. Hepatic Cd contents showed significantly less by feeding CV (P<0.05). Cd/CV0%-treated rats had significantly (P<0.05) higher hepatic T-MTs, and Cd-MTs concentrations, compared to Cd/CV5% or Cd/CV10% treated rats. The MT I/II mRNA was expressed in the liver of all experimental rats. Its expression was more increased in Cd/CV5%- or Cd/CV10%-treated rats, compared to control and Cd-treated rats. Thus, this study suggested that CV would have a protective effect on Cd-treated liver injury by the reduction of Cd concentrations and stimulation of Cd-MT binds in the liver. However, more studies are needed to identify the proper mechanism of CV and liver toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.255-259
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• 2003

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in various immune responses involving $CD4^+$ T cells and have been used to generate anti-tumor immunity. Chemotherapy induces severe side effects including immunosuppression in patients with cancer. Although immunosuppression has been studied, the effects of anticancer drugs on DCs are not fully determined. In this study, we demonstrated that CD40 activation strongly protected DCs from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or mitomycin C-induced apoptosis. DCspecific surface markers, including CD11c and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, were used for identifying DCs. CD 40 activation with anti-CD40 mAb significantly enhanced the viability of DCs treated with 5-FU or mitomycin C, assayed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Fluorescence staining and analysis clearly confirmed the enhancing effect of anti-CD40 mAb on the viability of DCs, suggesting that CD40 activation may transduce critical signals for the viability of DCs. Annexin V staining assay showed that CD40 significantly protected DCs from 5-FU or mitomycin C-induced apoptosis. Taken together, this study shows that CD40 activation with anti-CD40 mAb has strong anti-apoptosis effect on DCs, suggesting that CD40 activation may overcome the immunosuppression, especially downregulation of number and function of DCs in chemotherapy-treated cancer patients.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.473-474
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• 1997

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.532-538
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• 2020

Objectives: The study evaluated correlations among monthly PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, Pb concentrations and the number of Asian dust days. Methods: Based on data from 'The annual report on air quality in Korea from 1999 to 2017', concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, Pb, and the number of Asian dust days were recalculated to mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum. Correlation coefficients were calculated among PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, Pb, and Asian dust days. Results: Asian dust days were correlated only with PM₁₀ among the four factors of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, and Pb. The four factors of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, Cd, and Pb were very significantly correlated with each other (p<0.01). Their correlation coefficients for PM₁₀ were 0.800 for PM_2.5, 0.823 for Cd, and 0.892 for Pb. PM_2.5 was also correlated strongly with Cd (0.845) and Pb (0.830). Cd had a correlation with Pb of 0.971. The maximums of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and Pb were shown to exceed the atmospheric environmental standard of Korea, which necessitates national continuous exposure control. Based on exposure data, Asian dust days were thought to be an exposure factor for Cd and Pb. Conclusion: Asian dust might be a factor in Cd and Pb exposure. National exposure controls are required for exposure to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Cd, and Pb.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.127-128
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• 2015

Tumor metastasis involves circulating and tumor-initiating capacities of metastatic cancer cells. Hepatic TM4SF5 promotes EMT for malignant growth and migration. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biomarkers remain unexplored for metastatic potential throughout metastasis. Here, novel TM4SF5/CD44 interaction-mediated self-renewal and circulating tumor cell (CTC) capacities were mechanistically explored. TM4SF5-dependent sphere growth was correlated with $CD133^+$, $CD24^-$, ALDH activity, and a physical association between CD44 and TM4SF5. The TM4SF5/CD44 interaction activated c-Src/STAT3/ Twist1/ B mi1 signaling for spheroid formation, while disturbing the interaction, expression, or activity of any component in this signaling pathway inhibited spheroid formation. In serial xenografts of less than 5,000 cells/injection, TM4SF5-positive tumors exhibited locally-increased CD44 expression, suggesting tumor cell differentiation. TM4SF5-positive cells were identified circulating in blood 4 to 6 weeks after orthotopic liver-injection. Anti-TM4SF reagents blocked their metastasis to distal intestinal organs. Altogether, our results provide evidence that TM4SF5 promotes self-renewal and CTC properties supported by $CD133^+/TM4SF5^+/CD44^+^{(TM4SF5-bound)}/ALDH^+/CD24^-$ markers during HCC metastasis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1983

A pot experiment was conducted to clarify the Cd uptake and levels affecting yield loss according to the growth stages of rice plant. The cadmium was treated with several Cd compounds $Cd(NO_3)_2$, $CdCl_2$, $CdSO_4$, $CdCO_3$ and CdS at various concentrations of 0,5,10,25, and 50ppm in soils. The increasing rate of Cd compounds applied to soils increased the Cd content in plant as well as grains but the yield was decreased at high cadmium levels. Cd concentration in soil which could affect the yield decrease were 12.9ppm for $Cd(NO_3)_2$; 21.5ppm, $CdSO_4$; 25.8ppm, $CdCl_2$; 33.2ppm, $CdCO_3$; and 97.6ppm, CdS respectively. Cd concentration in soil reaching at 1ppm of Cd content in brown rice were 13.8ppm from $Cd(NO_3)_2$; 14.4ppm, $CdCl_2$; 16.9ppm, $CdSO_4$; and 19.2ppm, $CdCO_3$, respectively. Cd content in brown rice could be expected with the Cd content in plant at panicle formation stage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate accumulation of metallothionein(MT) in rat liver and kidney by cadmium administration. After male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 60$\pm$5g were fed basal diet ad libitum for 4 weeks, two types of experiments were performed. In the first set of experiment, rats were divided into five groups. Control groups was fed basal diet without injection of cadmium. Dose groups of A, B, C and D were i.p. injected 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5mg Cd/Kg of body wt, once a day for two days. In the second set of experiment, rats were also divided into five groups. Control group was fed basal diet without injection of cadmium. Number groups of I, II, III and IV were i.p. injected 1, 2, 3, and 4 times every 24hrs, respectively and injection doses were 2.5mg Cd/Kg of body wt. in a day. In the first of experiment, hemoglobin contents in C, D groups were lower than control group. MT concentrations in liver and kidney were increased with increasing Cd injection doses to 2.5mg Cd/Kg of body wt. Liver - SH group values in C, D groups were higher than control group. Hematocrit values did not differ among groups. In the second of experiment, hemoglobin contents and hematocrit values were decreased. MT concentration in liver and kidney were progressively increased with increasing number of Cd injection. In both sets of experiments, liver MT concentrations were higher than kidney.