• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2015

식품안전보건지표는 그 활용성이 높아 국외에서는 종합적인 환경보건지표 내 세부영역에서 개발되어 활용되고 있으나, 국내의 경우 환경보건지표와 독자적으로 개발되어 도입단계에 있다. 본 연구에서는 기 개발된 식품안전보건지표를 활용할 수 있는 방안을 사례연구의 형태로 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 선정하여 제시한 활용방안으로는 지수화를 통한 통합식품안전보건지수 산출, 통합식품안전보건지수와 이를 구성하는 식품안전보건지표간의 상관성평가, 통합식품안전보건지수와 사회경제적 지위와의 상관성평가가 있다. 지역 내에서 식품안전보건상태의 변화를 나타내는 통합식품안전보건지수I과 해당 년도의 지역별 식품안전보건수준을 나타내는 통합식품안전보건지수II가 산출되었다. 통합식품안전보건지수I은 Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus cereus, 살모넬라, 원인미상으로 인한 식품매개질환 발생건수, 식품매개 법정감염병 발생률 중 장출혈성 대장균 발생률와 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 통합식품안전보건지수II는 외국인 비율과 여성 비율이 증가할수록 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였고, 인구밀도가 증가할 수록 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 제시된 활용방안을 통해 전반적인 국내 식품안전보건상태와 지역별 연도별 식품안전보건상태의 변화원인을 파악할 수 있으며, 식품안전과 관련이 있을 것으로 예상되는 기타 요인과의 연관성을 분석하여 추가적인 추론을 할 수 있다. 이 외에도 식품안전보건지표는 다양한 방면으로 활용이 가능하고, 정책적 기준 설정 및 방향성 제시의 근거자료로도 활용할 수 있으므로 향후 더욱 활발한 연구와 지속적인 관심이 필요하다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2014

본 연구는 정량적 미생물 위해평가(Quantitative microbial risk assessment: QMRA)에 절대적으로 필요하지만 국내의 경우 관련 정보 및 자료가 부족한 주요 식중독 원인 미생물에 대한 용량-반응모델(dose-response models) 관련 자료를 수집 정리하여 가장 적합한 용량-반응 모델을 분석 및 선정하였다. 1980년부터 2012년까지 식중독 발생과 관련이 있는 26종의 세균, 9종의 바이러스, 8종의 원생동물관련 용량-반응 모델 및 위해평가 자료들을 중심으로 국내 NDSL (National Digital Science Library), 국외 PubMed, ScienceDirect database에서 총 193개의 논문을 추출하여 정리하였다. 조사된 자료로부터 세균별, 바이러스별, 원생동물별 용량-반응 모델의 미생물 위해평가 활용여부를 확인하고, 위해평가에 활용된 모델들을 메타분석(meta-analysis)에서 사용되고 있는 Relative frequency (fi, 상대빈도 값)를 계산하여 가장 적정한 용량-반응 모델을 제시하였다. 주요 식중독 원인 미생물들인 Campylobacter jejuni, pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC / EPEC / ETEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholera, Rota virus, Cryptosporidium pavum의 적정 용량-반응 모델은 beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.15$, ${\beta}=7.59$, fi = 0.72), beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.49$, ${\beta}=1.81{\times}10^5$, fi = 0.67) / beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.22$, ${\beta}=8.70{\times}10^3$, fi = 0.40) / beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.18$, ${\beta}=8.60{\times}10^7$, fi = 0.60), exponential ($r=1.18{\times}10^{-10}$, fi = 0.14), beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.11$, ${\beta}=6,097$, fi = 0.09), beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.21$, ${\beta}=1,120$, fi = 0.15), exponential ($r=7.64{\times}10^{-8}$, fi = 1.00), beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.17$, ${\beta}=1.18{\times}10^5$, fi = 1.00), beta-poisson (${\alpha}=0.25$, ${\beta}=16.2$, fi = 0.57), exponential ($r=1.73{\times}10^{-2}$, fi = 1.00), and exponential ($r=1.73{\times}10^{-2}$, fi = 0.17)로 각각 선정하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 용량-반응 모델들은 향후 국내 QMRA 관련 연구 및 진행에 많은 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

본 연구는 축산식품과 식중독 세균 조합의 위험순위 결정을 위한 방법으로 축산식품 관련 식중독사고 보고서(2008-2012년 자료), 축산식품 전문가의 견해, 반 정량적 위해평가 도구인 Risk Ranger 를 이용하여 문헌자료를 분석 그 결과를 비교하였다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 지난 2008년-2012년 기간 동안 국내 축산식품에서 식중독 발생 빈도가 높았던 주요 원인균은 Salmonella, Pathogenic E. coli, C. jejuni 순으로 나타났으며 Salmonella 식중독의 주요 원인 식품은 계란인 것으로 보고되었다. 그러나 국내에서 우선적으로 관리가 필요하다고 생각되는 식중독 세균/축산식품조합에 대해 축산식품 전문가들은 가장 우선적 위해 관리가 필요한 Top 5순위 중 첫 번째로 Campylobacter/계육을 제시하였고 그 다음으로 Salmonella/식용란 및 알가공품, Enterobacter sakazakii/조제분유, Pathogenic E. coli/분쇄가공육, Pathogenic E. coli/식육을 선정하였으며 Salmonella 는 식육보다는 식용란 및 알 가공품에서 우선적 위해관리가 필요함이 제시되었다. 또한 분쇄가공육, 소시지 및 햄류에 대해서는 Cl. perfringens, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus 의 3가지 병원성 미생물들의 위해관리의 필요성이 제시되었다. 또한 국외에서 개발된 반 정량적 미생물 위해평가 도구인 Risk Ranger 를 이용하여 국내 식중독 발생 통계자료 및 전문가 의견 설문조사 등과 비교 분석한 결과, Risk Ranger 는 식품과 미생물 조합의 위험 순위를 간단하게 평가할 수 있는 장점이 있으나 Risk Ranger 의 결과에 영향을 주는 입력변수에 필요한 데이터가 없을 경우에 최종결과를 신뢰하기에 한계를 보였다. 특히 국내에서는 축산식품 원재료에 대해 식중독 세균의 정량적 오염수준 및 공정에 따라 오염수준에 미치는 효과에 대한 자료가 매우 부족한 것으로 나타났는데 Risk Ranger 결과, 위해순위가 0으로 나타난 경우를 분석해 보면 모니터링 자료가 없거나, 섭취 전의 조리를 통해 99% 가열이 가능한 경우였다. 최종적으로 본 연구에서는 축산식품관련 식중독 발생 통계자료, 전문가의견, Risk Ranger 분석결과를 종합적으로 분석하여 식중독 세균/축산식품 조합에 대한 위해평가 및 관리 우선대상을 순위별로 그룹화하였다. 식중독 사고 발생 및 위해 가능성이 가장 높은 위험그룹 I에는 Salmonella spp./식용란 및 알 가공품, Campylobacter spp./계육, Pathogenic E. coli/식육 및 분쇄가공육이 선정되었으므로 차후 이들 제품에 대한 정량적 위해평가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구결과는 차후 축산식품 및 그 가공품에 대한 정량적 미생물 위해평가의 효율성을 높이고 우선 관리 대상에 대한 과학적 근거 자료를 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2002

Contamination levels of pathogenic microorganisms in 145 cases of beef, which were distributed in Gwangju province, had been investigated in each distributed stage and also monitored by general bacterial count and E coli count index. General bacterial count of beef from the slaughterhouse was 10$^4$cfu/g less than the level of promotion(10 cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$) and E coli count index was also under the level of 10$^2$cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$ recommended level of the ministry of agriculture and forestry. Pathogenic microorganisms were detected from 23.2% of samples in the consumption stage, 12.5% in the slaughtering stage and 5.6% in the transporting and processing stage. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in the largest number and its ratio was 9.0%, listeria monocytogenes 5.5% and salmonella spp 1.4%. There were no samples that bacteria had been detected dually. E coli O157:H7 and campylobacter jejuni were not isolated. In raw and chilled beef, isolation rate of pathogenic microorganisms were 13.3% and 16.5% each. Especially in raw beef, L monocytogenes was. isolated in 3 samples among 30 cases (10%) and S aureus in one sample (3.3%). According to a scale of meat store, isolation rates of pathogenic microorganisms were different. It was 28.6% in the small-scale meat store and 16.7% in the large-scale meat store each. Four cases (16.7%) of S aureus were isolated in the large-scale meat store and seven cases (20.0%) of L monocytogenes and 2 cases (5.7%) of salmonella spp were isolated in the small-scale meat store. S aureus was isolated in two places among 10 feeding facilities of the elementary school. This result shows that the sanitation of elementary school feeding facilities is so poor and more careful policy consideration is needed. Eleven strains of S aureus isolated showed ${\beta}$-hemolysis on blood agar, 1 strain ${\alpha}$-hemolysis, and 1 strain ${\gamma}$-hemolysis. Isolated strains of L monocytogenes were reconfirmed in 560 bp by PCR. Conclusively, these results show that the sanitary condition in the stages of slaughtering, transportation-processing and consumption influences the degree of pathogenic microorganisms contamination in beef severely It is necessary to apply thoroughly hazard analysis critical control point in a process of beef distribution and also to develop rapid test methods for microorganism diagnosis. This effort is very important for the supply of safe and clean meat from farm to table and helpful for the improvement of public health.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.184-191
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was performed to analyze cases of food poisoning outbreaks reported in Chungcheongnamdo Province in 2019 and report it as effective data for preventing food poisoning in the future. Methods: Food poisoning outbreaks were analyzed to detect virus, bacteria, and protozoa according to the Manual for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens in Outbreaks to clarify the causes of food poisoning that occurred in Chungcheongnam-do Province in 2019. Results: Among the 79 cases of food poisoning outbreaks, 59 cases (74.7%) were in general restaurants, 15 cases (19.0%) in food service institutions, three cases at banquets, and two cases in take-out food. The 42 cases at general seafood restaurants made up the majority of food poisoning in Chungcheongnam-do. Food poisoning pathogens were shown in 13 cases (86.7%) out of the 15 cases at food service institutions, and 10 cases were related to Norovirus. Among the 79 cases, food-borne pathogens were identified in 35 cases of outbreaks, accounting for 44.3%. The confirmed pathogens were as follows: bacteria (24 cases), Norovirus (12 cases) and Kudoa septempunctata. (five cases). The food-borne bacteria were pathogenic E. coli (12 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (six cases), Salmonella spp. (two cases), Campylobacter jejuni, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (one case). Conclusions: To prevent food poisoning, it is necessary to analyze regional characteristics and environments and to hold a campaign for the prevention of food poisoning based on that analysis. In addition, when food poisoning occurs, the results of analyzing its cause and spread based on accurate epidemiological survey need to be shared.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.127-131
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to determine catalytic properties of wheat phytase with exopolyphosphatase activity toward medium-chain and long-chain inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) substrates for comparative purpose. Methods: Exopolyphosphatase assay of wheat phytase toward polyP75 (medium-chain polyP with average 75 phosphate residues) and polyP1150 (long-chain polyP with average 1150 phosphate residues) was performed at pH 5.2 and pH 7.5. Its activity toward these substrates was investigated in the presence of Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Michaelis constant (K_m) and maximum reaction velocity (V_max) were determined from Lineweaver-Burk plot with polyP75 or polyP1150. Monophosphate esterase activity toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) was assayed in the presence of polyP75 or polyP1150. Results: Wheat phytase dephosphorylated polyP75 and polyP1150 at pH 7.5 more effectively than that at pH 5.2. Its exopolyphosphatase activity toward polyP75 at pH 5.2 was 1.4-fold higher than that toward polyP1150 whereas its activity toward polyP75 at pH 7.5 was 1.4-fold lower than that toward polyP1150. Regarding enzyme kinetics, K_m for polyP75 was 1.4-fold lower than that for polyP1150 while V_max for polyP1150 was 2-fold higher than that for polyP75. The presence of Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, or EDTA (1 or 5 mM) exhibited no inhibitory effect on its activity toward polyP75. Its activity toward polyP1150 was inhibited by 1 mM of Ni²⁺ or Co²⁺ and 5 mM of Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, or Mg²⁺. Ni²⁺ inhibited its activity toward polyP1150 the most strongly among tested additives. Both polyP75 and polyP1150 inhibited the monophosphate esterase activity of wheat phytase toward pNPP in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Wheat phytase with an unexpected exopolyphosphatase activity has potential as a therapeutic tool and a next-generational feed additive for controlling long-chain polyP-induced inappropriate inflammation from Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium infection in public health and animal husbandry.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2003

Cook-chill 제품의 원료로 사용하는 시금치와 수세한 시금치에 대해 Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Campylococcus spp., Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus 등 12종류의 병원성세균의 존재 여부를 확인하였다. 이들 시금치로부터 4종의 병원성세균을 분리하여 API kit와 ATB 자동 동정기를 포함한 형태학적 및 생화학적 방법에 의해 동정하였다. MacConkey agar에서 분리된 균은 그람 음성 간균으로 glucose를 이용하여 gas를 생성하며, lactose 음성, sucrose 양성, lysine 양성으로 ATP system에서 A. hydrophila 종에 대해 99.9%의 상동성을 보였다. Cereus Selective agar에서 분리된 균은 그람 양성 간균, 포자 형성균으로 catalase 양성, mannitol 음성, lecithinase 양성, Simmon's citrate 음성, $NO_2$ 생성 양성, arginine 양성균으로 ATB system에서 B. cereus 종에 대해 99.8%의 상동성을 보였다. Clostridium Perfringens agar에서 분리된 균은 그람 양성 간균, 혐기성균으로 포자를 형성하며, mannitol 양성, lecithinase 양성으로 ATB system에서 C. perfringens 종에 대해 99.9%의 상동성을 보였다. Baird-Parker agar에서 분리된 균주는 그람 양성 구균으로 mannitol, lecithinase, lactose, clumping factor, coagulase 및 hemolysin 양성, xylose 음성으로 ATB system에서 S. aureus 종에 대해 97.8%의 상동성을 보였다. Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, Y. enterocolitica를 포함한 다른 병원성세균은 분리되지 않았다. 시금치에서 분리한 S. aureus 5균주 중 2균주는 SET-RPLA kit에서 enterotoxin type A를 생성하였고 3균주는 enterotoxin을 생성하지 않았다. B. cereus 5균주는 CRET-RPLA kit에서 모두 enterotoxin을 생성하였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.783-789
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• 2015

In recent years, consumers have become more interested in convenient lifestyles, leading to increased use of salted cabbages for preparation of kimchi. This study aimed to investigate the safety of heavy metals, pesticide residues, and foodborne pathogens in commercial salted cabbages in Seoul from August to November, 2014. The survey, which was conducted to determine whether or not salted cabbages were prepared under the highest sanitary conditions, showed that Seoulites are interested in purchasing hygienic and safe salted cabbages. The average amounts (range) of Pb and Cd found in 30 salted cabbage samples were 0.007 (0.000~0.063) mg/kg and 0.004 (0.000~0.012) mg/kg, respectively. The cabbages were analyzed for residues from 285 types of pesticides using the multiresidue method. Residues for pesticides were not detected. Major foodborne pathogens, specifically Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Norovirus, were also not detected.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.896-903
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• 2021

For the safety assessment of microbiological and chemical hazards in raw short-neck clam Ruditapes philippinarum distributed in the Yeongnam and Honam areas during the spring season, the contamination levels of total viable bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and nine pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni) as microbiological hazards, and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, total mercury), benzopyrene, shellfish poison (paralytic, diarrhetic, amnesic), and radioactivity (¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs+¹³⁷Cs) were also analyzed in 15 samples based on the methods of the Korean Food Code. The average contamination levels of total viable bacteria were 3.11 (1.40-4.49) log CFU/g, and coliforms were detected in 5 out of 15 samples (1.18-1.85 log CFU/g). E. coli and S. aureus were not detected in all samples. Furthermore, the presence of 8 pathogens were not detected in all samples. The average contamination levels of lead, cadmium, and total mercury were 0.155 (0.079-0.264), 0.160 (0.040-0.287), and 0.017 (0.008-0.026) mg/kg, respectively. Benzo(a)pyrene, shellfish poison, and radioactivity were not detected in all samples. The results of this study suggest that the safety against all microbiological and chemical hazard factors in raw short-neck clams distributed in markets has been assured.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.904-911
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• 2021

For the safety assessment of microbiological and chemical hazards in dried sea mustard, fifteen samples of dried sea mustards Undaria pinnatifida were purchased from the supermarkets distributed throughout Korea. The contamination levels of total viable bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and nine pathogenic bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio spp., Clostridium perfringens, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter jejuni/coli] were quantitatively or qualitatively assessed. Also, the heavy metals (lead, cadmium, total mercury, and inorganic arsenic), and radioactivity (¹³¹I, ¹³⁴CS+¹³⁷CS) were quantitatively assessed. This microbial and chemical analysis was performed using standard methods in Korean food code. The total viable bacteria ranged from 4.3×10² (5.0×10-1.5×10³) CFU/g. Coliforms and E. coli were not detected in all samples (ND, <1 log₁₀ CFU/g). All nine pathogenic bacteria were qualitatively detected as negative. The contamination levels of lead, cadmium, total mercury, and inorganic arsenic were 0.036 (0.015-0.051), 0.117 (0.088-0.156), 0.030 (0.017-0.048), and 0.058 (0.056-0.064) mg/kg, respectively. Radioactivity was also not detected in any sample. The microbial contamination levels determined in the current study may be potentially used as basis for performing microbial risk assessments of dried sea mustards.