• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.293-298
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• 1986

Micromonospora inyoensis 균주에 의한 sisomicin의 발효에서 항생물질의 생산성에 대한 여러 가지 탄소원의 영향을 batch culture를 이용하여 검토하였다. Starch, dextrin 및 maltose는 sisomicin의 생산에 좋은 탄소원으로 밝혀졌으나, glucose가 사용되었을 때 sisomicin 생산성은 carbon catabolite regulation에 기인하여 그게 감소되었다. 한편 sisomicin생합성에 대한 carbon catabolite regulation은 catabolite inhibition효과보다 주로 catabolite repression 효과에 좌우되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2001

Previous work has identified that only the catabolite responsive element A (creA; previously called cre-2) out of two potential cre sequences (cre-1: nucleotide +160 to +173 and cre-2: +173 to +186), recognized within the coding region of the xylanaseA gene (xynA) of Bacillus stearothermophilus No.236, was actually, was actually involved in the carbon catabolite repression(CCR) of xynA expression in B. subtilis. However, the level of CCR of xynA expression in the original B.stearothermophilus No.236 strain (70-fold repression). Therefore, to search for an additional cre element in the promoter region, the upstream region of the xynA gene was subcloned by chromosome walking, and as a result, another potential cre element (nucleotide -124∼-137; designated creB) was recognized in this region. The cre-like sequence revealed a high homology to the cre consensus sequence. The xylanase activity of B. subtilis MW15 bearing pWPBR14 (containing creA and creB) cultured in a medium containing xylose as the sole carbon source was about 7.7 times higher than that observed for the same culture containing glucose. B. subtilis MW15 bearing pWPBR23 (containing only creA) produced an activity about 2.4 times higher. This pattern of CCR was confirmed using derivatives of xynA::aprA fusion plasmids. Furthermore, a measurement of the amounts of the xynA transcript showed a similar pattern as that for the production of xylanase. In addition, the synthesis of xylanase in B. subtilis QB7115 [a catabolite control protein A (ccpA) mutant strain] carrying pWPBR14 was almost completely relieved from glucose repression. Together, these results lead to a conclusion that the CCR of the expression of the xynA gene is mediated by CcpA binding at creA and creB sites in B. subtilis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.514-523
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• 2017

Carbon catabolite repression is a crucial regulation mechanism in microorganisms, but its characteristic in Rhizopus is still unclear. We extracted a carbon regulation gene, cre, that encoded a carbon catabolite repressor protein (CRE) from Rhizopus stolonifer TP-02, and studied the regulation of CRE by real-time qPCR. CRE responded to glucose in a certain range, where it could significantly regulate part of the cellulase genes (eg, bg, and cbh2) without cbh1. In the comparison of the response of cre and four cellulase genes to carboxymethylcellulose sodium and a simple carbon source (lactose), the effect of CRE was only related to the concentration of reducing sugars. By regulating the reducing sugars to range from 0.4% to 0.6%, a glucose-containing medium with lactose as the inducer could effectively induce cellulases without the repression of CRE. This regulation method could potentially reduce the cost of enzymes produced in industries and provide a possible solution to achieve the largescale synthesis of cellulases.

• BMB Reports
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.342-347
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• 1995

The induction of glucoamylase biosynthesis from the yeast Candida tsukubaensis by different carbon sources was investigated by using either an enzyme activity assay or immunoblot analysis. The induction by C. tsukubaensis appears to be independent of the carbon sources, although the level of enzyme activity was lower in slowly utilizable carbon sources such as galactose. This glucoamylase is a constitutive enzyme and its biosynthesis is resistant to carbon catabolite repression. Glucose was more effective for the enzyme induction than starch, maltose or glycerol. In addition, this enzyme is regulated by both induction and repression.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 1996

The biosynthesis and catabolite repression of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase(CGTase) and cyclodextrinase(CDase) were studied in Bacillus sp. KJI6. In accompanying to the cell growth, CGTase was synthesized during early growth phase (20h culture) and CDase was synthesized during late growth phase (60h culture). Synthesis of CGTase was rather constitutive than that of CDase in the absence or presence of carbon source. Production of CDase was strongly stimulated by amylopectin and $\gamma$-CD medium (about 6 times), but CGTase synthesis was slightly increased (about 1.3 times). Easily metabolizable carbohydrates such as D-glucose, D- fructose and D-mannose completely repressed the expression of CDase, whereas their repressive effect to CGTase synthesis was relatively negligible. By addition of 10 mM cAMP, any significant effect on the synthesis of the two enzymes was not observed. Hardly metabolizable glucose analogues such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-0-methyl-D-glucopyranose also did not show any repression on the syntheses of CGTase and CDase. This indicates that D-glucose has to be metabolized to exert its repressive effect. With these results, it seems likely that the biosynthesis of CGTase and CDase are regulated by the catabolite repression due to unknown metabolite(s) of EM pathway.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.265-270
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• 1992

자연계에 널리 존재하는 저렴한 기질들은 대부분 여러 종류의 탄소원들을 함유한다. 이러한 혼합기질을 이용하는 효율적인 발효공정을 개발하기 위해서는 이들 기질들이 서로 어떻게 이용되는가를 알아야 하며, 사용되는 미생물의 생육과 생성물 생산을 잘 표현할 수 있는 동력학적 모델이 필요하다. P. stipitis에 의해 혼합기질에서 에탄오릉ㄹ 생산할 때 glucose는 xylose와 cellobiose 이용에 대해 ca-tabilite repression을 일으켰으며, 초기 glucose농도가 높을수록 xylose이용에서 균체의 생육속도는 감소하였으며 xylose이용시간도 길어졌다. 또한 glucose/xylose발효시 xylose이용에서 감소된 생육속도는 glucose가 xylose이용에 permenant repression을 야기시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Cyclic AMP가 중개하는 catabolite repression mechanism에 기초하여 혼합기질에서 생육하는 P. stipitis의 생육모델을 발전시켰다 이 보텔식들을 이용하여 컴퓨터 simulation한 결과는 혼합기질로부터 P. stipitis에 의한 생육 및 에탄올 생성 실험결과와 비교적 잘 일치하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.877-880
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• 2000

Cycloinulooligosaccharide fructanotransferase (CFTase) converts inulin into cyclooligosaccharides consisting of six to eight molecules $\beta$-($2\rightarrow1$)-linked cyclic D-fructofuranose through intramolecular transfructosylation. We have examined the regulation of CFTase synthesis in Bacillus macerans and Bacillus subtilis. Synthesis of the CFTase was induced by inulin and it was subject to carbon catabolite repression (CCR) by glucose in both microorganisms. The DNA sequence upstream of the promoter of the CFTase gene was not involved in the inulin induction and glucose repression of the CFTase gene expression in B. subtilis. This suggests that the DNA element(s) responsible for the inuline induction and glucose repression is located downstream of the promoter region. Unexpectedly, the CCR of the expression of CFTase gene was observed not to be dependent on CcpA protein in B. subtilis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1998

The xylA gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus encoding the major ${\beta}$-xylosidase was previously cloned and sequenced. In the present study we examined the regulation of the cloned xylA gene expression in Bauillus subtilis MW15 carrying the xylA::aprA fusion plasmids. The induction of the fused xylA gene expression remained uninfluenced by any of the carbon sources tested but the gene expression was repressed about 2-3 fold in the presence of glucose. Two CRE-like sequences (CRE-1: nucleotides ＋ 124 to ＋136 and CRE-2: ＋247 to ＋259) were recognized within the reading frame region of the xylA gene. The deletion experiments showed that the CRE-2 sequence had a role in catabolite repression (CR) as a true CRE of the xylA gene, but the CRE-1 had no effect on CR of the xylA gene expression. Surprisingly, the deletion of the CRE- 1 sequence reduced about 2~3 fold of the expression of the xylA fused gene. The repression ratios of the xylA gene expression were estimated to be about 0.4 from the assay of subtilisin activity, and about 0.3 at the level of transcription by determining the amounts of xylA transcripts in B. subtilis. While, the level of CR of the xylA gene was assessed to be about l0-fold in previous work when the relative amounts of the xylA transcripts were measured in B. stearothermophilus.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2012

Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a key regulatory system found in most microorganisms that ensures preferential utilization of energy-efficient carbon sources. CCR helps microorganisms obtain a proper balance between their metabolic capacity and the maximum sugar uptake capability. It also constrains the deregulated utilization of a preferred cognate substrate, enabling microorganisms to survive and dominate in natural environments. On the other side of the same coin lies the tenacious bottleneck in microbial production of bioproducts that employs a combination of carbon sources in varied proportion, such as lignocellulose-derived sugar mixtures. Preferential sugar uptake combined with the transcriptional and/or enzymatic exclusion of less preferred sugars turns out one of the major barriers in increasing the yield and productivity of fermentation process. Accumulation of the unused substrate also complicates the downstream processes used to extract the desired product. To overcome this difficulty and to develop tailor-made strains for specific metabolic engineering goals, quantitative and systemic understanding of the molecular interaction map behind CCR is a prerequisite. Here we comparatively review the universal and strain-specific features of CCR circuitry and discuss the recent efforts in developing synthetic cell factories devoid of CCR particularly for lignocellulose-based biorefinery.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2005년도 2005 Annual Meeting & International Symposium
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• pp.251-255
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• 2005