• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.182-188
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• 2012

In this study we analyzed carbon emissions of leaves of a Pinus densiflora which is vulnerable to a forest fire using the cone calorimeter in order to analyze greenhouse gas emissions from forest fires depending on region and altitude. Fuels were collected from 9 regions[Hongcheon(Gangwon-do), Chungsong(Gyeongbuk-do), Yanhpyeong (Gyeonggi-do), Jecheon(Chungchongbuk-do), Gongju(Chungcheongnam-do), Wuju(Jeollabuk-do), Youngam(Jeollanam-do), Busan and Jeju-do)] and 9 altitudes(80 m, 450 m, 900 m, 1000 m, 1100 m, 1200 m, 1300 m, 1400 m and 1500 m) and then, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions contained in a weight of 50 g of fuel were analyzed. According to the results, there were differences in carbon emissions by regional groups, as the average carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions in 9 regions were nearly 43.5929 g to 52.8868 g, and 0.8842 g to 3.6422 g, respectively. Busan and Jecheon had relatively higher carbon dioxide emissions and especially, Busan had 1.23 times higher carbon dioxide emissions than Jeju-do. Also, Gongju, Chungcheongnamo Province and Busan had relatively higher carbon monoxide emissions and especially, Gongju and Pusan had relatively higher carbon monoxide emissions and especially, Gongju had 4.12 higher carbon monoxide emissions than Hongcheon. In addition, there were differences in carbon emissions too depending on altitude, since carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions in 9 altitudes were respectively, 40.7015 g to 68.9297 g and 1.3923 g to 12.2918 g. At the altitude of 80m, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions were respectively, 68.9297 g and 12.2918 g, and at the altitude of 450m, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions were respectively, 65.5115 g and 11.2497 g. These results show that pine trees at the lower altitude discharge relatively more carbon. It is considered that this analysis on carbon emissions depending on region and altitude can be effectively used for predicting greenhouse gas emissions and establishing statistical data from forest fires in each region and altitude.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.232-244
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• 2021

This study analyzed the changes in carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and visual distance by presence of sprinkler heads and their types in the event of a fire in an indoor gymnasium. Based on carbon monoxide and visual distance that affects human bodies enormously, first, if there is no sprinkler head, carbon monoxide will reach 0.4% within five seconds and visual distance rapidly shrank within five seconds. Seconds, in the event of standard sprinkler heads, carbon monoxide gradually increased from 30 seconds onwards and visual distance rapidly shrank after five seconds. Second, Third, if there are special sprinkler heads, carbon monoxide fluctuated after opening the head and visual distance became 5m or below from 15 seconds. Finally, in the event of early response sprinkler heads, carbon monoxide fluctuated up and down at 3 seconds due to falling water drops. Visual distance shrank up to 5m or below at 6 seconds. In the future, time for operation of each sprinkler head shall be analyzed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between Ryodoraku and carbon monoxide concentration during expiration of smokers. This study was designed as an exploratory observational study. This study was based on the hypothesis that increased levels of carbon monoxide in the smoker's breath may affect indicators that reflect the respiratory and circulatory systems in the Ryodoraku test. Methods: The participants were 49 people who smoked for over a year. They were examined at least one hour after their last smoking. They were tested in a stable state. When examining carbon monoxide during expiration, they breathed deeply, kept breathing for 20 seconds, and slowly exhaled. The Ryodoraku test was performed on its representative points of twelve meridians. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to investigate correlation between the concentration of carbon monoxide in the breath and the current in the measurement points. Results: The higher the carbon monoxide concentration in the exhalation, the significantly greater the current value of Lt H1·both H2·Lt H3·Rt H5, deviation of Lt H1·Lt H2·Lt H3 current value and the laterality between right and left current of H3. Conclusion: The more cigarette smoked, the more changes in heart, lung, pericardium and triple energizer meridians were observed in the Ryodoraku test. I found that increased carbon monoxide in smokers could affect the results of the Ryodoraku test.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2008

Carbon monoxide(CO) is one of the contamination source in reformed hydrogen fuel with an influence on performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC). The studies of CO injection presented here give information about poisoning and recovery processes. The aim of this research is to investigate cell performance decline due to carbon monoxide impurity in hydrogen. Performance of PEM fuel cell was investigated using current vs. potential experiment, long time(10 hours) test, cyclic feeding test and electrochemical impedance spectra. The concentrations of carbon monoxide were changed up to 10 ppm. Performance degradation due to carbon monoxide contamination in anode fuel was observed at high concentration of carbon monoxide. The CO gas showed influence on the charge transfer reaction. The performance recovery was confirmed in long time test when pure hydrogen was provided for 1 hour after carbon monoxide had been supplied. The result of this study could be used as a basis of various reformation process design and fuel quality determination.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 2001

Heme oxygenase is a rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism that cleaves heme to form biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. Heme oxygenase-1 is expressed in many types of cells and tissues and is highly induced in response to oxidative stress. Carbon monoxide, one of the products of heme oxygenase, can stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase and dilate the vascular smooth muscle. So, the induction of heme oxygenase by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxydative stress and the effect of the resultant carbon monoxide on aortic contractility were examined in this study. Zinc protoporphyrine IX (ZnPP), a inhibitor of heme oxygenase, elicited weak contraction of thoracic aortic ring, and this effect was more potent in aorta of LPS-treated rats than control and was blocked by methylene blue. The hyperreactivity to ZnPP in LPS-treated group was blocked by co-treatment with aminoguanidine. In the aortic ring of LPS-treated rats, ZnPP didn't change the vasoreactivity to phenylephrine or acetylcholine. ZnPP elicited hyper-tensive effect in concious rats, and pretreatment with LPS did not affect this effect. Prazosin significantly diminished the hypertensive effect of ZnPP. These results indicate that LPS induced heme oxygenase in aotra, and the resultant carbon monoxide diminished the aortic reactivity to vasoconstrictor.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.24-31
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• 2009

Based on fallen leaves of major Korean conifer species 'Pinus densiflora' and major Korean broadleaved species 'Quercus variabilis', this study sought to identify combustion emission gas types and measure their concentration by means of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectrometer. As a result, it was found that there were total 13 types of combustion gas detected from fallen leaves of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, acetic acid, butyl acetate, ethylene, methane, methanol, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen bromide. Notably, nitrogen monoxide was additionally detected from fallen leaves of Quercus variabilis. It was found that the overall concentration of combustion gas emitted from the fallen leaves of Pinus densiflora was 4.5 times higher than that from fallen leaves of Quercus variabilis. Particularly, it was found that emission concentration of some combustion emission gas types like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and butyl acetate exceeded the upper limit of their time-weighted average (TWA, ppm), while the emission concentration of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide exceeded their short-term exposure limit (STEL, ppm) for both species. Thus, it was found that carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide have higher hazard to health than other gas types, because these two gas types account for higher than 99% of overall gas emission due to combustion of surface fire starting from litter layer in forest.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1985

This study is concerned with the oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum and platinum-palladium catalysts. Catalysts were made by the impregnation method and flow reactor was used in the catalytic reaction. As for the mixed gases, carbon monoxide concentration varied from 1 to 4% and that of oxygen from 1 to 4%. $N_2$ was used as carrier gas and GHSV varied from 24, 000 $h^{-1} to 60, h^{-1}$. The temperature range was from 200 to $600^\circ$C. It was also taken into consideration that the heat and mass transfer resistance of our catalysts was negligible in the study. Experimental results showed that platinum-palladium catalyst was about 1.5-3.9% superior to platinum catalyst in conversion yield. When we used platinum-palladium catalyst, we observed that carbon monoxide oxidation was found to be 1 st order with respect to carbon monoxide concentration. Activation energy of the catalyst was 23.5 kcal/mol.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.177-181
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• 1999

The photochemical transformation of carbon monoxide in aqueous ammonia solution has been investigated at 25${\pm}$0.1$^{\circ}C$ using 184.9 nm UV light. Amination and carbonylation processes were carried out by irradiating the aqueous ammonia solution saturated with carbon monoxide, and the formation of formamide, urea, hexamethylenetetramine, formaldehyde, glyoxal and hydrazine was observed. The formation of hydrazine was affected by the presence of ammonia, and the formation of carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde and glyoxal was influenced by the presence of carbon monoxide. The formation of formamide, urea and hexamethylenetetramine was affected by both ammonia and carbon monoxide. The initial quantum yields of the products were determined and probable mechanisms for the photochemical reaction were presented on the basis of product analysis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1978

Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most serious health problems in Korea. In this review, the author made a intensive reference review on the causes of carbon monoxide poisoning, the patterns of carbon monoxide poisoning and the prospects of CO poisoning. Following findings were induced through the review. 1. Carbon monoxide poisoning is influenced by variable social factors than any other diseases or accidents and is more closely related with the economical and cultural parameters of the community. 2. The increase of risk in the populatlon is expected by National Energy Policy and the hazards of CO poisoning will rather be increasing as long as no radical control measure will be taken. 3. More practical control measure, including extensive public relation service, should be established to eradicate this serious health hazard in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 1990

The oxidation of carbon monoxide on a catalyst, $LaSrNiCoO_3$ was investigatigated with a plug flow system. Kinetic quantities such as reaction-rate, reaction order and Arhenius-parameters at various reactor temperature from 200$^\circ$C to 300$^\circ$C were determined. Also, the optimum condition for the oxidation of carbon monoxide with this catalyst was determined and are as follows. Partial pressure of oxigen ; 428mmHg Partial pressure of carbon monoxide ; 332mmHg Mixed moral ratio of oxigen and Carbon monoxide ; 1.3 : 1 Total gas flow ; 224ml/min Reaction temperature ; 340$^\circ$C The reaction kinetic equation at the optimum condition, temperature range from 200$^\circ$C to 340$^\circ$C, are as follow. $$ $v = Ae^{6.5Kcal/RT} [CO]^{0.93 \sim 0.98} [O_2]^{0.42 \sim 0.50}$ $$ In addition to this, numerical calculation were performed to evaluate the mass and heat transfer effect on this system.