• 제목/요약/키워드: Carbon source

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고온 카본발열체의 발열특성에 관한 연구 (Study on the Heat Generation Characteristics of the Carbon Heating Source with High Temperature)

  • 배강열;이광성;신재호;정효민;정한식;전지수
    • 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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    • pp.106-111
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    • 2001
  • This paper is a study on the heat generation characteristics of the carbon heating source with high temperature. The main variables of this study are the input current and the amount of carbon heating source. As the results of the experiment in the waste rate of carbon heating source. The case of carbon heating source 300g was large than 500g. As the input current and the temperature are increased, the resistance values of carbon heating source were large. The Joule heat was represented the large value as the amount of heating source decrease with the input current. Finally, the heating source was represented the electrical steady state as the input current is increase.

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유기폐자원을 이용한 고도하수처리 대체탄소원 개발 및 실플랜트 적용 (Development of Alternative External Carbon Source from Wasting Carbonaceous Organic Resource and Full Scale Application)

  • 정인철;김호영;강동효;정종순;이상원;임근택;김창원
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제13권10호
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    • pp.911-919
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    • 2004
  • The purpose of this research was evaluated economical effect to apply alternative external carbon source. Conventional activated sludge process in municipal wastewater treatment plant was adapted and introduced to Biological nutrient removal processes to meet the newly enforced effluent quality standard for nutrient removal in Korea. Low $COD/NH_4^+-N$ ratio and higher nutrient concentration of influent characteristics force to inject external carbon source for denitrifying recycled nitrate. In the most case, methanol was used as external carbon source. But Methanol is expensive and very dangerous in handling. So we could find cheaper and safer external carbon source substituted methanol in last study. This alternative external carbon source is named RCS(recoverd carbon source) and a by-product of fine chemical product at chemical plant. When RCS was applied real municipal wastewater treatment plant, average $55\~65\%$ of T-N removal efficiency, 8.8mg/l of effluent T-N concentration, 11.3mg/l of effleunt COD concentration were obtained without effluent COD increase as against used methanol. To apply RCS in municipal wastewater treatment plant obtain approximately $\74.5%$ expenditure cost reduction in comparison with methanol dosage cost.

메탄자화균 Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b의 성장 속도와 수율 : I. 실험적 고찰 (Growth Rate and Yield of a Methanotrophic Bacterium Methylosinus Trichosporium OB3b : I. Experimental Measurements)

  • 황재웅;송효학;박성훈
    • KSBB Journal
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.391-398
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    • 1998
  • The effect of culture medium copper availability on the specific growth rate(${\mu}$) and carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) was sutided for an obligatory methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b under various combinations of carbon and nitrogen sources. Methane or methanol was used as a carbon source, and nitrate or ammonium was used as a nitrogen source. Medium copper availability determined the intracellular location or kind of methane monooxygenase (MMO), cell-membrane (particulate or pMMO) when copper was present and cytoplasm (soluble or sMMO) when copper was deficient. When methane was used as a carbon source, copper-containing medium exhibited higher ${\mu}$ and CCE than copper-free medium regardless of the kind of nitrogen source. When methanol was used as a carbon source, however, the effect of copper disappeared. Ammonium gave the higher ${\mu}$ and CCE than nitrate for both methane and methanol. Those observation suggest that there exist an important difference in energy utilization efficiency for methane assimilation between sMMO and pMMO.

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미생물 순응 호환성에 기반한 대체탄소원 개발 및 실용화 사례 (Development and Full-scale Application of the Alternative Carbon Source Based on the Substrate Compatibility)

  • 정인철;조현길;이두호;강동효;임근택;이성학;김창원
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제27권5호
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    • pp.491-498
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    • 2005
  • B시 J하수처리장은 질소성분의 제거를 위해 메탄올을 외부탄소원으로 이용하고 있다. 메탄올은 외부탄소원으로 널리 쓰이고 있으나 고가의 약품비용과 취급상 위험도가 높아 약품비 절감을 위해 저렴한 대체 탄소원의 개발이 요구되었다. 정밀화학 부산물(보습코팅제 부산물)은 한외여과막을 이용 셀룰로오스와 같은 고분자 물질을 제거하여 유기성분 중 RBDCOD(readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand) 비율을 $98{\sim}99%$(COD기준)로 상승시켰다. 이 정밀화학 부산물의 주유기성분은 메탄올(methanol), 프로필렌글리콜(prophylenglycol), 메톡시프로판올(methoxypropanol)로 모두 알콜기를 가지고 있어 메탄올과 탄소원 호환성을 가진다. 때문에 대체탄소원으로 빠르게 순응되며, 수급차질 등의 비상 시 갑작스런 메탄을 사용에도 순응에 따른 지체기간 없이 공정을 운용할 수 있다. 현장적용평가에서 정밀화학 부산물을 대체외부탄소원으로 사용한 실험군은 메탄올을 투입하는 대조군과 비교하여 동등의 처리 성능 및 수질 안정성을 얻었다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 J하수처리장 고도처리 공정 3개 계열 중 2개 계열의 외부탄소원을 전량 정밀화학 부산물로 대체하였으며, 탄소원 교체 계열의 경우 55.4%의 외부탄소원비용 절감 효과가 예상된다.

Carbon Source Affects Synthesis, Structures, and Activities of Mycelial Polysaccharides from Medicinal Fungus Inonotus obliquus

  • He, Huihui;Li, Yingying;Fang, Mingyue;Li, Tiantian;Liang, Yunxiang;Mei, Yuxia
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제31권6호
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    • pp.855-866
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    • 2021
  • The effects of various carbon sources on mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis of the medicinal fungus Inonotus obliquus in liquid fermentation were investigated. After 12-d fermentation, mycelial biomass, polysaccharide yield, and polysaccharide content were significantly higher in Glc+Lac group (glucose and lactose used as combined carbon source) than in other groups. Crude polysaccharides (CIOPs) and the derivative neutral polysaccharides (NIOPs) were obtained from mycelia fermented using Glc, fructose (Fru), Lac, or Glc+Lac as carbon source. Molecular weights of four NIOPs (termed as NIOPG, NIOPF, NIOPL, and NIOPGL) were respectively 780.90, 1105.00, 25.32, and 10.28 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analyses revealed that NIOPs were composed of Glc, Man, and Gal at different molar ratios. The NIOPs were classified as α-type heteropolysaccharides with 1→2, 1→3, 1→4, 1→6 linkages in differing proportions. In in vitro cell proliferation assays, viability of RAW264.7 macrophages was more strongly enhanced by NIOPL or NIOPGL than by NIOPG or NIOPF, and proliferation of HeLa or S180 tumor cells was more strongly inhibited by NIOPG or NIOPGL than by NIOPF or NIOPL, indicating that immune-enhancing and anti-tumor activities of NIOPs were substantially affected by carbon source. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that expression levels of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and UDP-Glc 4-epimerase (UGE), two key genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis, varied depending on carbon source. Our findings, taken together, clearly demonstrate that carbon source plays an essential role in determining structure and activities of I. obliquus polysaccharides by regulating expression of key genes in polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway.

Effects of Nutrient Composition on Yield and Quality of Mushroom in Lentinula edodes Cultivation Using Softwood Sawdust

  • Jung, Ji-Young;Hong, Seong-Cheol;Rinker, Danny Lee;Choi, Myung-Suk;Lee, Byung-Hyun;Yang, Jae-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.124-134
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    • 2010
  • This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of using softwood as the sawdust medium for Lentinula edodes cultivation, effect of nutrient on the mycelial growth, spawning, the mushroom yield, and quality. The nitrogen nutrition significantly enhanced the mycelial growth of L. edodes. The glutamic acid in the L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis, and asparagine in the P. densiflora were appeared to slight increase in the mycelial growth. The vegetable oil showed very effective on the mycelial growth in the P. koraiensis sawdust medium. Carbon/nitrogen ratio of all the test was reduced after mycelial growth. The mycelial growth was exclusively dependent on reduction of carbon. The mushroom yield (32.7%) of the P. densiflora sawdust medium (carbon source: 3% active carbon, nitrogen source: 0.4% asparagines) was the best in mushroom production of L. edodes, followed by the Q. variabilis sawdust (35.4%) of the control medium. The diameter of mushroom cap was obtained from the P. densiflora sawdust (carbon source: 3% sucrose, nitrogen source: 0.4% potassium nitrate) and P. koraiensis sawdust (carbon source: 3% sucrose, nitrogen source: 0.4% potassium nitrate), and the P. koraiensis sawdust (carbon source: 3% xylose, nitrogen source: 0.4% glutamic acid, supplement: 0.05% amino acid), with values 71.5 mm, 71.5 mm and 72.1 mm, respectively. In the polypropylene bag cultivation, the weight losses of the block medium gradually increased for 80 days in the dark (13.8~16.8%) and then became stable in the range of 20.7~25.8%.

Synthesis of Few-layer Graphene Film on a Ni Substrate by Using Filtered Vacuum Arc Source Method

  • 김창수;서지훈;강재욱;김도근;김종국;이형우
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.157-157
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    • 2011
  • Graphene has generated significant interest in the recent years as a functional material for electronics, sensing, and energy applications due to its unique electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Much of the considerable interest in graphene stems from results obtained for samples mechanically exfoliated from graphite. Practical applications, however, require reliable and well-controlled methods for fabrication of large area graphene films. Recently high quality graphene layers were fabricated using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on nickel and copper with methane as the source of the carbon atoms. Here, we report a simple and efficient method to synthesize graphene layers using solid carbon source. Few-layer graphene films are grown using filtered vacuum arc source (FVAS) technique by evaporation of carbon atom on Ni catalytic metal and subsequent annealing of the samples at 800$^{\circ}$C. In our system, carbon atoms diffuse into the Ni metal layer at elevated temperatures followed by their segregation as graphene on the free surface during the cooling down step as the solubility of carbon in the metal decrease. For a given annealing condition and cooling rate, the number of graphene layers is easily controlled by changing the thickness of the initially evaporated amorphous carbon film. Based on the Raman analysis, the quality of graphene is comparable to other synthesis methods found in the literature, such as CVD and chemical methods.

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Phosphate and Carbon Source Regulation of Alkaline Phosphatase and Phospholipase in Vibrio vulnificus

  • Oh, Wan-Seok;Im, Young-Sun;Yeon, Kyu-Yong;Yoon, Young-Jun;Kim, Jung-Wan
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • 제45권4호
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    • pp.311-317
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    • 2007
  • In this study, the effects of phosphate concentration and carbon source on the patterns of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and phospholipase (PLase) expression in Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 29307 were assessed under various conditions. The activities of these enzymes were repressed by excess phosphate (4 mM) in the culture medium, but this repression was reversed upon the onset of phosphate starvation in low phosphate defined medium (LPDM) containing 0.2 mM of phosphate at approximately the end of the exponential growth phase. The expressions of the two enzymes were also influenced by different carbon sources, including glucose, fructose, maltose, glycerol, and sodium acetate at different levels. The APase activity was derepressed most profoundly in LPDM containing fructose as a sole carbon source. However, the repression/derepression of the enzyme by phosphate was not observed in media containing glycerol or sodium acetate. In LPDM-glycerol or sodium acetate, the growth rate was quite low. The highest levels of PLase activity were detected in LPDM-sodium acetate, followed by LPDM-fructose. PLase was not fully repressed by high phosphate concentrations when sodium acetate was utilized as the sole carbon source. These results showed that multiple regulatory systems, including the phosphate regulon, may perform a function in the expression of both or either APase and PLC, in the broader context of the survival of V. vulnificus.

Nitrogen removal from wastewaters without carbon sources using microalgae

  • 이광용;이철균
    • 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국생물공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표대회 및 bio-venture fair
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    • pp.553-556
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    • 2000
  • Possibility of biological nitrogen treatment was tested in wastewaters with low C/N ratio. Chlorella kessleri was inoculated at $10^6\;cell/mL$ of initial density in two different artificial wastewaters: one that contained glucose for organic carbon source and the other without carbon source. Nitrate could be successfully reduced below 10 mg $NO_3/mL$ from initial nitrate concentration of 560 mg $NO_3/mL$ in 10 days even in the wastewater without carbon source, This 98% removal of nitrate without extra organic carbon source lights up the future of biological wastewater treatment, where the insufficient ability of nitrogen removal is a major problem.

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Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 9348의 Pullulan 생산과 균체 형태의 변화 (Pullulan Production and Morphological Change of Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 9348)

  • 권오성;남희섭;이형재;신용철
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.565-570
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    • 1994
  • The pullulan production and morphological change of Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 9348 were investigated both in batch fermentation and in continuous fermentation. The best carbon source for pullulan production was sucrose among seven different carbon sources. The pullulan production of A. pullulans was increased with increasing the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the medium using sucrose as a carbon source. In batch fermentation, production of pullullan occurred following exhaustion of the nitrogen source from the medium. The continuous fermentation showed that the pullulan production was closely parallelled with cell growth and was most effective at a dilution rate of 0.06~0.07 hr$^{-1}$-. The ratio of yeast-like cells(blastospores) of A. pullulans increased with the increase of growth rate, and reached 100% over the growth rate of 0.07 hr$^{-1}$. The growth rate, within a certain range, affected not only on the cell morphology, but on the specific pullulan productivity of A. pullulans.

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