• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find an optimal combination rate of castor meal for the good qualitative compost and to estimate the humification grade by physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity test during composting of the mixture with cow manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with cow manure(C), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(CCS-1), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(CCS-2) and 5 : 4 : 1(CCS-3) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting radically increased more than $63.6^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased around $42^{\circ}C$. At the 60 days after the treatment, pH was slowly increased from 7.0 to 8.0, and the C/N ratio was 12.3~13.8 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value was caused by the castor meal with high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7%). G.I.(germination index) showed in the range of 77.5 to 82.6 in all treatments. Among all treatments CCS-1 was appeared to be the best condition for composting. Therefore, the combination rate of castor meal which was used for compost humification improvement could be recommended 10% to manufacture the good qualitative cow manure compost.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate the humificating grade according to experiment of physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity during composting of using with pig manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with pig manure(P), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(PCS-I), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(PCS-II) and 5 : 4 : 1(PCS-III) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting were rapidly increased more than $68^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased within $39^{\circ}C$ at 60 days the after treatment. pH was slowly increased from 7.5 to 7.7, and the C/N ratio was 13~14 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value in this compost was caused by the castor meal contented high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7 %). G.I.(germination index) was showed 73 to 78 range in all treatments at the $60^{th}$ day. Among all treatments PCS-I was appeared to be the best condition for composting.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.441-446
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• 2006

The biological effects of heating and chemical treatment on castor meal were investigated in order to develop a procedure to inactivate its antigenic activity in a way that is suitable for industrial applications. A 1% solution of purified castor bean allergen (CB-1A) was heat-treated with or without exposure to NaOH and NaOCI (250 ppm each). CB-1A exhibited extreme stability when heat-treated alone. In the presence of NaOH and NaOCl, CB-1A showed a drastic decrease in antigenic activity as the temperature surpassed the critical level of $70^{\circ}C$. The gradual disappearance of disc gel electrophoresis bands presumably responsible for the allergenicity of CB-1A, along with the significant losses of the amino acids phenylalanine, methionine, arginine, histidine, and cysteine correlated with the loss of CB-1A activity. CB-1A showed a single symmetrical band in SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis with an estimated molecular weight of 6,000 daltons. The chemical and heat treatments reduced the disulfide bond content of CB-1A by 9.1% with a coincident increase in sulfhydryl bonds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1308-1318
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with treated castor meal with (CMT) or without lime (CMNT) on the nutrient intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and yield of commercial cuts of beef cattle from a feedlot. Thirty male, castrated, crossbreed zebu cattle were used in the study, with an average initial weight of $360{\pm}30.27\;kg$. Five animals were used as a control group and were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment; the remaining animals (n = 25) were distributed in random blocks (repetitions), with body weight as the criterion for block assignment. The animals were fed a diet containing 65% corn silage and 35% of concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. Five diets consisted of four levels of soybean meal (SM) substituted with CMT (0, 33, 67 and 100%) on a DM basis and a diet with 100% of SM replaced with CMNT. At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered, and their gastrointestinal tracts were emptied to determine their empty body weights (EBW). No significant effects were observed (p>0.05) for the substitution of soybean meal with CMT on intake of dietary nutrients, the average daily body weight gain (ADG) or EBW gain (EBWG). In spite of greater (p<0.05) ricin intake for the diet containing CMNT (3.06 mg/kg BW) compared to the CMT diet (0.10 mg/kg BW/d), there were no effects (p>0.05) on intake of dietary nutrients, ADG or EBWG. The average intake of DM and the ADG were 10,664.63 and 1,353.04 g/d, respectively. Regarding carcass characteristics, only carcass yield in relation to body weight was linearly reduced (p<0.05) upon substitution of SM by CMT. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the substitution of SM by CMT or CMNT on the yield of carcass basic cuts. CMT prices that are higher than 85% of the SM price do not economically justify the use of CMT. For CMT prices between 20 and 80% of the SM price, the optimal level was 67% substitution, while for prices below 15% of the SM price, the optimal level was 100% substitution with CMT. It can be concluded that treated castor meal with 6% lime can totally replace soybean meal in beef cattle diets.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2023

This study investigate growth responses of Chinese cabbage and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to application of fermented organic fertilizer produced from domestic organic resources for developing alternative materials instead of imported castor oil meal. Two types of fermented fertilizers (Fermented Organic Fertilizer A (OFA) and Fermented Organic Fertilizer B (OFB)) were produced by mixing distillers dried grains 30%, sesame cake 30%, rice bran 20% and fish meal 20% under different fermentation conditions. Treatment consisted of OFA is fermented for 21 days on plastic greenhouse, OFB is fermented for 5 days on 40℃, and MOF (Mixed Organic Fertilizer) is a fertilizer made with castor bean as the main ingredient. OFA, OFB and MOF were applied at the rate of 320 kg N/ha. Chinese cabbages were cultivated from Aug. to Nov. in 2022. Growth and yield of Chinese cabbage were no significant differences among all treatments except control (non-fertilized, NF). However, NUE of Chinese cabbage was higher the fermented fertilizer treatment (OFB: 81.4%, OFA: 79.1%) than the MOF (65.3%). It was observed that urease activity in the fermented fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than the MOF. This result confirmed that fermented fertilizers have similar effect on growth and yield with the MOF and could improve the NUE of crop.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.100-103
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• 1997

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of petroleum ether extract of leaves of Ficus racemosa Linn. for its antidiarrheal potential against several experimental models of diarrhea in rats. Ficus racemosa leaves extract (FRLE) treated animals showed significant inhibitory activity against castor oil induced diarrhea and inhibited significantly $PGE_2$ induced enteropooling in rats. It also showed significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility following charcoal meal in rats. The results obtained establish the efficacy of FRLE as an antidiarrheal agent.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.234-237
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• 1998

To evaluate the anti-diarrheal potential of the leaves of Bauhinia purpurea Linn., investigations were performed on different animal models e.g. castor oil induced diarrhea in rats and gastrointestinal motility test by using charcoal meal. In both the models the ethanolic extract of the leaves showed significant activity when compared to control group. The group treated with standard anti-diarrheal agent also showed significant activity comparing with control. Thus this study establishes the efficacy of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Leaves as an anti-diarrheal as claimed in folklore.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2021

This study aimed to develop an alternative organic fertilizer to castor oil cake-based fertilizers. To assess the nutrient effect of the developed fermented mixed organic fertilizers, the yield of lettuce and soil characteristics after growth were analyzed and compared to those of a trial using a mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Two fermented mixed organic fertilizers, FA and FB, each containing 5.0% nitrogen, 2.6% phosphate, and 1.4% potassium, were produced by mixing different ratios of rice bran, dried distillers grains, sesame oil meal, and fish meal. This study was conducted with six trials: untreated, mixed expeller cake fertilizer, and the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB. Based on the amount of nitrogen fertilization (70 kg ha^-1) on the lettuce, the fermented mixed organic fertilizers FA and FB were applied at 100% and 150%, respectively, and the mixed oil cake was applied at 100%. As the amount of treatment increased, there was no significant difference except the number of leaves in FA treatment. The yields from the FA100 and FB100 treatments were 38.2 and 40.8 Mg ha^-1, respectively, which was not significantly different from that of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment at 38.3 Mg ha^-1. In addition, the nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of the lettuce were not significantly different between mixed expeller cake fertilizer and fermented mixed organic fertilizer treatments. Analysis of the chemical properties of the soil after the trial showed that he mixed expeller cake fertilizer treatment showed the lowest pH. There were no significant differences in electrical conductivity, content of soil organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable cation among the fertilizer treatments. However, the bacterial and actinomyces density was higher in the soil from the fertilizer trials than in the non-fertilizer trials. These results indicated that the two tested fermented mixed organic fertilizers had nourishing effects and soil characteristics that were similar to those of the mixed expeller cake fertilizer. Thus, farmers can use these fermented mixed organic fertilizers as alternatives to castor oil cakes for the cultivation of organic lettuce.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.441-445
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• 2011

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of variouis organic substrates on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng seedlings in a shaded plastic house. In the investigation of optimal substrate, the eight substrate were formulated by adjusting blending rate of peatmoss, perlite, coir dust(coco peat), and vermiculite. Then, the changes in physico chemical properties of root substrates as well as their influences on the growth characteristics and yield were determined at six months after sowing. The elevation of the blending rate of peatmoss from 50% to 70% with decrease in the rate of inorganic component (mixture of perlite and vermiculite) from 50 to 30% resulted in the increase in container capacities and decrease in total porosities and air-filled capacities. The concentrations of $NH_4-N$, $P_2O_5$ and K increased as the incorporation rate of castor seed meal, phosphate ore, and langbenite, respectively, were elevated during the root medium formulations. The PPV-1 and PPV-4 substrates produced high stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, leaf area and root length among eight substrate. Root fresh weight was heaviest in PPV-4 compound nursery media. The results of this experiment will be utilized in the new substrate application for ginseng organic culture in shaded vinyl house.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 2017

Humic acid was used soil amendment or functional fertilizer in Korean agriculture, and its cation exchangeable capacity was high enough to increase soil buffering from plant toxicant. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of humic acid powder (HA) on composting of livestock manure (LM) and of its application on growth of lettuce. Treatments were designed as follows; livestock manure compost (LM+sawdust+bark+castor meal; Control), control+0.1% HA (0.1% HA), control+0.5% HA (0.5% HA), control+1.0% HA (1.0% HA), control+3.0% HA (3.0% HA), and control+5.0% HA (5.0% HA). The changes of temperature, water content, organic matter content, total nitrogen and ratio of organic matter and nitrogen in HA treatments were similar to those of control. Although pH of 3.0% HA and 5.0% HA blending with HA and LM was lower than those of others, it unaffected by HA blending during composting. Humic acid content of HA treatments was increased by 1.7~4.4 folds than that of control. As compared with odor index, 3.0% HA and 5% HA were decreased than control for composting time. Application of 3.0% HA increased the dry weight of lettuce by about 7% than that of control.