• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.203-206
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• 2013

Statistics is the science of data. As the foundation of scientific knowledge, data refers to evidentiary facts from the nature of reality by human action, observation, or experiment. Clinicians should be aware of the conditions of good data to support the validity of clinical modalities in reading scientific articles, one of the resources to revise or update their clinical knowledge and skills. The cause-effect link between clinical modality and outcome is ascertained as pattern statistic. The uniformity of nature guarantees the recurrence of data as the basic scientific evidence. Variation statistics are examined for patterns of recurrence. This provides information on the probability of recurrence of the cause-effect phenomenon. Multiple causal factors of natural phenomenon need a counterproof of absence in terms of the control group. A pattern of relation between a causal factor and an effect becomes recognizable, and thus, should be estimated as relation statistic. The type and meaning of each relation statistic should be well-understood. A study regarding a sample from the population of wide variations require clinicians to be aware of error statistics due to random chance. Incomplete human sense, coarse measurement instrument, and preconceived idea as a hypothesis that tends to bias the research, which gives rise to the necessity of keen critical independent mind with regard to the reported data.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.533-542
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• 2020

This study estimates the nature of the relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment in the Philippines over the 2001-2017 period. The paper employed a range of cointegrating regression models, namely, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, Johansen-Juselius (JJ) and Engle-Granger (EG) cointegration models, dynamic OLS, fully modified OLS, and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimation techniques. The Granger causality based on error correction model (ECM) was also performed to determine the causal link of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. The ARDL bounds testing approach, Johansen-Juselius (JJ) and Engle-Granger (EG) cointegration models confirmed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. The long-run coefficients from JJ and dynamic OLS show significant long-run and positive relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. While results of the long-run coefficients from fully modified OLS and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) found that only entrepreneurship has significant and positive relationship with youth unemployment in the long-run. The Granger causality based on error correction model (ECM) estimates show evidence of long-run causal relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. In the short-run, increases in entrepreneurship and business confidence causes youth unemployment to decrease.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.79-88
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of agricultural exports and imports on economic growth in Bangladesh and propose an upgraded and customized model of the supply chain for agribusiness growth in Bangladesh to achieve plain sailing and systematic operation and financial gains at home and abroad. Research design, data, and methodology: All data in the research have been collected from secondary sources. Gross domestic product was used as the dependent variable and exports and imports of agricultural products were used as independent variables. Pairwise Granger causality was utilized to see the impact of the variable responsible for the economic growth in Bangladesh and the causal relationship between the variables analyzed was measured using Johansen co-integration test. Results: From the empirical analysis, the researchers observed that agricultural commodity imports and exports have a unidirectional impact on economic growth in Bangladesh and a long-run causal link with economic growth in Bangladesh. The suggested supply chain model of agribusiness aids in achieving smooth operations, systematic management, and monetary gains both domestically and internationally. Conclusions: This paper contributes to the development of a more effective and profitable agribusiness supply chain in Bangladesh systematically through their theoretical and practical implications.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.373-380
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• 2013

A severe pink mold rot on matured asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder) fruit occurred in the organic farmers' orchard in Jinju, Korea in October, 2012. Decay of pear fruit appeared as a softened water-soaked symptom that was easily punctured by pressure. Later pink mycelium appeared on the surface of pear fruit and produced a mass of powdery pink conidia spores. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of T. roseum was $25^{\circ}C$. Conidia showed hyaline, smooth, 2-celled, thick-walled with truncate bases, ellipsoidal to pyriform, and characteristically held together zig-zag chains and $10{\sim}22(34){\times}6{\sim}10(12){\mu}m$ in size. Conidiophore was erect, colorless, unbranched type, and 4-5 ${\mu}m$ width. On the basis of mycological characteristics, pathogenicity test, and molecular identification with the ITS region, the causal fungus was identified as Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link ex Gray.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2006

This study examined how pre-service elementary teachers' perceptions regarding the learning environment (learning focus/ability-meritocracy/cooperative climate) and achievement goals (mastery/performance-approach/performance-avoidance) in science education courses jointly contributed to their science teaching efficacy beliefs (personal science teaching efficacy belief/science teaching outcome expectancy). A path analysis supported a causal model in which the perception of the learning focus influenced the mastery goal, which in turn influenced the personal science teaching efficacy belief and science teaching outcome expectancy. The perception of learning focus also had a direct effect on science teaching outcome expectancy. The perception of ability-meritocracy influenced personal science teaching efficacy belief via the performance-approach (positively) or, conversely, the performance-avoidance goal (negatively). No link .was deduced from the perception of cooperative climate. The educational implications of these findings were also discussed.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.182-200
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• 2023

A recent nationwide survey reported that South Koreans perceive large corporations as the party that should be the most responsible for tackling climate change. This public opinion result offers insight into the argument that defining who is responsible for the climate change issue can guide campaigners and policymakers in designing effective communication strategies. This study examines how attributing responsibility to large corporations can affect behavioral intention to support government policy and regulation via a moderated mediation model of the perceived risk of climate change and corporate social responsibility (CSR). A nationwide online survey of 295 South Koreans was conducted. The findings reveal an indirect effect of responsibility attribution on behavioral intention through risk perception. Moreover, perceived CSR moderated the causal link between risk perception and behavioral intention, such that South Koreans reported higher levels of behavioral intention when they reported higher CSR. However, perceived CSR failed to moderate the indirect effect. These findings have implications for communication processes and policymaking to address climate change problems in South Korea.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.486-490
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• 2005

Classic construction safety management functions - such as recruitment, training, supervision, etc. - are determined by different conceptions of the role and nature of management effectiveness, and these conceptions are underpinned by related cultural values. This paper attempts to shed some light on in what way, and to what extent, does the national cultural value orientations influence individual preferences for safety management policies and practices. It presents the empirical results of a questionnaire survey administered in Pakistan targeting construction managers with safety management responsibilities. Based on the survey findings, the paper argues that there is a causal link between cultural values' orientations and preferences for, and perceptions of, safety management policies and practices.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.216-224
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• 2023

Centrosome abnormalities are hallmarks of human cancers. Structural and numerical centrosome abnormalities correlate with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis, implicating that centrosome abnormalities could be a cause of tumorigenesis. Since Boveri made his pioneering recognition of the potential causal link between centrosome abnormalities and cancer more than a century ago, there has been significant progress in the field. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the causes and consequences of centrosome abnormalities and their connection to cancers. Centrosome abnormalities can drive the initiation and progression of cancers in multiple ways. For example, they can generate chromosome instability through abnormal mitosis, accelerating cancer genome evolution. Remarkably, it is becoming clear that the mechanisms by which centrosome abnormalities promote several steps of tumorigenesis are far beyond what Boveri had initially envisioned. We highlight various cancer-promoting mechanisms exerted by cells with centrosome abnormalities and how these cells possessing oncogenic potential can be monitored.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.185-198
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• 2015

This study drew performance management factors analyzed a causal link between acceptance and satisfaction of performance management to present the method for promoting acceptance on the performance management system that most of the public enterprises, government-affiliated organizations are implementing. To achieve this, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis were conducted in parallel through in-depth case studies and surveys. The results of this study are as follows. First, the analysis of the performance management factors with preceding studies shows that performance management indicators, performance management operations and performance management communications. Second, from the causal relationship of performance management factors affecting performance management acceptance reveals that performance management operation has statistical significance. Third, the analysis of the effect of performance management factors on the management satisfaction shows that operation and indicator of the performance management have statistical significance and reflecting the performance indicators to business, adequacy of target level, training, system support and CEO's Leadership have been revealed as important variables to the management satisfaction. Fourth, the result of the analysis on casual connection between acceptance and satisfaction of the performance management shows that improving management acceptance has a direct impact on satisfaction because performance management receptiveness were deemed statistically significant. Fifth, the result of the in-depth case studies on improving performance management acceptance shows that public enterprises have been putting in an effort to design indicators and try to encourage internal member's involvement during the monitoring and evaluation. The quantitative analysis based on survey has turned out that performance management operation and performance management indicators have statistical significance. The qualitative analysis by in-depth analysis shows that public enterprises put a lot of effort to performance management indicators and communication between internal members. As a result, commitment to performance management operation is required to improve the performance management acceptance. In other words, a detailed implementation plan for training, information system support, and CEO's leadership has to be established and ought to be pushed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2015

In this paper, scale efficiencies and relative efficiencies of R&D projects in Industrial Technology Program, sponsored by Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea, are calculated and compared. For the process, various DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models are adopted as major techniques. For DEA, two stage input oriented models are utilized for calculating the efficiencies. Next, the calculated efficiencies are grouped according to their subprograms (Industrial Material, IT Fusion, Nano Fusion, Energy Resources, and Resources Technology) and recipient types (Public Enterprise, Large Enterprise, Medium Enterprise, Small Enterprise, Lab., Univ., and etc.) respectively. Then various subprograms and recipient types are compared in terms of scale efficiencies (CCR models) and relative efficiencies (BCC models). In addition, the correlation between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd stage relative efficiencies is calculated, from which the causal relationship between them can be inferred. Statistical analysis shows that the amount of input, in general, should increase in order to be scale efficient (CCR models) regardless of the subprograms and recipient types, that the 1st and 2nd stage relative efficiencies are different in terms of the programs and recipient types (BCC models), and that there is no significant correlation between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd stage relative efficiencies. However, the results should be used only as reference because the goal each and every subprogram has is different and the situation each and every recipient type faces is different. In addition, the causal link between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd relative efficiencies is not considered, which, in turn, is the limitation of this paper.