• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 2018

We spend about one-third of our life sleeping. Although the influence of sleep on various cognitive and affective functioning is recognized, relatively less is known about its consequences on interpersonal relationships. The present study examines whether sleep contributes to adolescent's peer intimacy; specifically, given the role of sleep in memory consolidation, it was assumed that a good sleep will enhance social relationships by positively refurbishing memories of social episodes. As predicted, young teenagers' sleep quality predicted increased peer intimacy, partly through the positive memory of social events, in a sample of middle school (Study 1) as well as high school participants (Study 2). To investigate the causal link, in Study 2, memory recollections were repeatedly measured for a week. Sleep quality during the week predicted how social, but not non-social episodes were positively remembered. The function and importance of sleep quality are discussed in the context of interpersonal relationships.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.126-136
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• 2016

Due to poor nutrition and abnormal energy metabolism, cancer patients typically experience the loss of muscle mass. Although the diabetic conditions or dyslipidemia have been reported as a causal link of cancer but the consequence of such conditions in relation to gain or loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients has not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of lean body mass and systemic parameters related to lipid metabolism in non-diabetic cancer patients using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. As results the level of serum total cholesterol (total-C) was negatively associated with both total lean body mass and appendicular lean body mass in cancer patients after adjustment for sex, physical activity, energy intake and comorbidity. The associations between consumption of dietary factors (energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat) and lean body mass were disappeared after adjusting comorbidities of cancer patients. Multivariate-adjusted linear regression analysis by quartiles of serum total-C showed that higher quartile group of total-C had significantly lower percent of lean body mass than reference group in cancer patients. The data indicate that serum lipid status can be the potential estimate of loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients and be referenced in nutrition care of cancer patients under the onset of cachexia or parenteral/enteral nutrition. This data need to be confirmed with large pool of subjects and should be specified by stage of cancer or the site of cancer in future studies.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2018

The relationship between R&D investment and subsequent change has been mostly confirmed under additional influencing factors, with the form of innovation investments. The research assumes that a firm adjusts its R&D spending in accordance to performance feedback. It is argued that an increased fluctuation of a firm's R&D expense is related to a reduced performance. This hypothesis is tested on SME in World class 300 Projet by SMBA. Using panel data models, instability measured by SD is related to performance levels measured by ROA, ROE & PM. Results support the proposed relationship between R&D expense instability and the subsequent performance. Although a causal link cannot be clearly established, the results indicate that firms with a lower performance have higher R&D investment fluctuations, possibly being more responsive to performance feedback.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.695-705
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenosides have beneficial effects on several airway inflammatory disorders primarily through glucocorticosteroid-like anti-inflammatory activity. Among inflammatory cells, eosinophils play a major pathogenic role in conferring a risk of severe refractory diseases including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the role of ginsenosides in reducing eosinophilic inflammation and CRS pathogenesis is unexplored. Methods: We investigated the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism of ginsenoside F1 (G-F1) in comparison with those of dexamethasone, a representative glucocorticosteroid, in a murine model of CRS. The effects of G-F1 or dexamethasone on sinonasal abnormalities and infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells were evaluated by histological analyses. The changes in inflammatory cytokine levels in sinonasal tissues, macrophages, and NK cells were assessed by qPCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Results: We found that G-F1 significantly attenuated eosinophilic inflammation, mast cell infiltration, epithelial hyperplasia, and mucosal thickening in the sinonasal mucosa of CRS mice. Moreover, G-F1 reduced the expression of IL-4 and IL-13, as well as hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase required for prostaglandin D2 production. This therapeutic efficacy was associated with increased NK cell function, without suppression of macrophage inflammatory responses. In comparison, dexamethasone potently suppressed macrophage activation. NK cell depletion nullified the therapeutic effects of G-F1, but not dexamethasone, in CRS mice, supporting a causal link between G-F1 and NK cell activity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that potentiating NK cell activity, for example with G-F1, is a promising strategy for resolving eosinophilic inflammation in CRS.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.61-69
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• 2022

The study intends to investigate a short-run and a long-run causality among money, income, and prices in the Keynesian and Monetarists framework. This study emphasizes the importance of unrecorded money, which exists alongside legal monetary assets and plays a dual function in determining economic prosperity. The underground economy, which is a hidden component of aggregate economic activity, is determined using Tanzi's monetary approach (Tanzi, 1980). This research uses a time series of annual data from 1990 to 2019 for this purpose. The data is extracted from the World Bank database for the monetary and development indicators. The study keeping in view the trending nature in data follows a unit root testing followed by the Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) to assess the long and short-run dynamics of causality among the variables. In both the pricing and income equations, the study finds a significant level link among the variables; however, there is no evidence of the presence of a level association in the money equation. The short-run causal relationship provides evidence of bi-directional causation between the supply of money and national income. The outcome of this study advise that though the view point of both the Monetarist and Keynesian school holds in both short and long run, however, in Pakistan only the Monetarists' role of money supply and income holds in Pakistan. This evidence would be of precise interest to the policy-makers.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-36
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• 2022

Purpose - Previous studies tried to find antecedents of innovative behavior. However, research on knowledge hiding behavior, psychological mechanism, and perception of organizational justice has been relatively limited. In this sense, this study has investigated the impact of organizational justice on employees' innovative behavior and explored the factors that affect the above relationship. Especially, this study tested the direct effect of organizational justice on innovative behavior. This study also examines the mediating roles of knowledge hiding behavior in this causal relationship. Moreover, the process of organizational justice to innovative behavior is assumed to be influenced by leadership style. Therefore, we examined the moderating effect of authentic leadership on the relationship between organizational justice and knowledge hiding behavior. Design/methodology/approach - For the empirical test, we collected data via a questionnaire survey of a sample of 252 employees from Korean firms. We conducted a hierarchical regression analysis to test hypotheses. Results - The results of the empirical analysis revealed that organizational justice was positively related to innovative behavior and negatively related to knowledge hiding behavior. The results also showed that knowledge hiding behavior negatively mediated the relationship between organizational justice and innovative behavior. In addition, we found the moderating role of authentic leadership. More importantly, we found that the conditional indirect effect of organizational justice on innovative behavior via knowledge hiding behavior was depending on authentic leadership. Uncovering the relationship between organizational justice and innovative behavior through the mediating role of knowledge hiding behavior and the moderated mediating role of authentic leadership has useful theoretical and practical implications. We also suggest directions for future research by providing several limitations.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.183-202
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• 2016

This research investigated the influence of subjective well-being on attitude towards minority group members. In a cross-sectional data, the higher subjective well-being predicted more positive cognitive beliefs, affective feelings, and behavioral intentions towards foreign laborers and children of international couples. The causal link from subjective well-being to greater tolerance for cultural diversity was found again in a large longitudinal sample. The rate of life satisfaction increase from Time 1 to Time 2 significantly predicted multicultural receptiveness at Time 2. Overall, the findings suggest that subjective well-being may contribute to the formation of favorable attitude towards minority group members.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.407-416
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among women's leisure dance participation, physical image and self-esteem. The subjects in this study were 300 female adults who were selected by cluster sampling from the population that consisted of women who were in their 20s to 50s. In the population, some women got leisure dance at fitness clubs, sport lovers' clubs and dance academies in Seoul and Gyeoggn Province as of 2009, and the others didn't. As for the reliability of the questionnaires used in the study, the Cronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaires was above .70. The major statistical methods utilized in this study were Frequencies, reliability factor analysis, analysis covariate, regression analysis and path analysis. The findings of the study were as follows: First, the women who got leisuer dance evaluated their own physical image and self-esteem more favorably than the others who didn't. Second, the length of participation affected the body shape, satisfaction level and flexibility, and the intensity of participation impacted on the body shape and muscular power. Third, the length of participation had an impact on self-esteem, and the frequency of participation exerted a negative influence on that. Fourth, the degree of participation had a causal impact on physical image and self-esteem. In other words, the degree of getting leisure dance affected self-esteem in a firsthand manner and exerted a secondhand influence on that through physical image as well. The findings of the study suggested that physical image was one of major parameters to link participation in rhythmic exercise and self-esteem.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.311-320
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among major satisfaction (MS), clinical competence (CC), career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMS), and career decision level (CDL) for undergraduate nursing students. A self-report instrument was used to measure MS, CC, CDMS, and CDL. Questionnaires were completed by 307 nursing students in three nursing colleges, and path analysis was employed to validate the proposed model and analyze the causal relationships among variables. Four constructs (MS, CC, CDMS, and career decision) were analyzed. To build a path model, MS and CC were linked to CDMS and career decision. The initial analysis suggested that the modification needed modification; therefore, a covariance link was added. The overall goodness of fit for indices indicated satisfactory path analysis. The indices were revealed as $x^2=2412$, GFI=0.996, AGFI=0.961, and RMSEA=0.068. As a result, the proposed model was acceptable with a good fit, and there were significant direct and indirect effects of paths in the model. Specifically, MS and CC had a direct influence on CDMS, and MS and CDMS directly affected CDL. Moreover, MS and CC had indirect effects on CDL through CDMS. These results imply that students' CDMS should be seriously considered when designing counseling programs for career guidance, and substantiality of CC education is needed to improve CDMS. These results may provide a practical guideline to provide educational intervention for nursing students.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.51-73
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• 2012

Social network services based on openness, connectedness, and mass participation are reshaping many aspects of how companies conduct business and create value for their customers. For instance, Facebook and Twitter are expected to play a pivotal role as a new communication channel through which companies-forge close relationships with their customers for co-creation of value for mutual benefits. Given the potential of social network services, it is not surprising that many companies have strategically invested in social network services to reach out to customers. Despite the growing interest in social network services as a platform to connect companies and their customers, few guidelines exist about how managers can effectively utilize social network services in forging relationships with their customers. As such, scholars should pay greater attention to how firms can successfully develop relationships with their customers on social network services. In particular, this study employs the S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response) framework as a theoretical lens to develop a research model that explains customers' participation in the value co-creation platform that companies opened on Twitter. According to the S-O-R framework, certain types of individuals' behaviors can be best understood based on a causal link from environmental stimulus to organism, and response. We apply the S-O-R framework to understand how ubiquitous connectivity (stimuli) can influence customers' experience (organism) with companies on Twitter, which in turn influence their participation behavior (response). Two steps have been undertaken to empirically test the research model. First, we conducted a content analysis of tweets written by customers who follow companies on Twitter. As a result, we found event/promotion participation, company support, and giving feedback as three specific types of customer participation behavior. Second, we conducted a web-based survey to test research hypotheses in the research model. Participations in the survey were solicited to customers who followed companies on Twitter. As a result, a total of 115 respondents have completed the survey. Data were analyzed using the partial least square (PLS) technique. The results of data analysis suggest that ubiquitous connectivity (stimuli) had strong positive effects on perceive usefulness, perceived enjoyment, and perceived intimacy (organism). Perceived intimacy showed positive effects on customer participation behavior (response), such as event participation, company support, and giving feedback. Perceived enjoyment was found to have strong positive effects on company support and giving feedback. On the other hand, perceived usefulness did not have significant impacts on the three types of customer participation behavior.