• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1994

This study is designed to delve into the measuring systems of different periods so as to help with more exact representations of cultures of different periods. The basis of the measuring system in china stems from the huangjong (Huangzhong : the yellow bell) of the period of Huangdi, the length of the bell being the width of 90 black millet grains. Do (Du : width) ; 1 bun=the width of one black millet grain, 1 Chon=10 Buns, 1 Chuk=10 Chons, 1 Jang=10 Cheoks, 1 In=10 Jangs. Ryang (Lyang : volume) ; 1 Yak=the weight of 1,200 grains in the yellow bell, 1 Hab=2 Yaks, 1Seung=10 habs, 1 Du=10 Seungs, 1 Gok=10 Dus. Hyung (Hung : weight) ; 12 Jus=the weight of 1 Yak, 1Yang=24 Jus are equal 1 Hab in weight, 1 Geun=16 Ryangs, 1 Jo=30 Geuns, 1 Seo=4 Jo. In the era of Eun (In) it was decided that the 9-chon length of the Yellowbell shall be 1 Cheok. The Cheok of Ju was set at 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Cheok of Ju breaks into Yongjocheok, Joryegicheok, Pogeumcheok. Yongjocheok, arising from Rohbancheok of the Ju period, is part of Gokcheok also used as a measuring tool for wooden works. The Han cheok has the same length as the yellow bell. The Sang Cheok is 4/5 of the length of the yellow bell. The Tang Cheok was originally the same as the Sang cheok but became longer and longer to be the Long cheok (31.3cm). The length-measuring system used in the three-nation era of Korea includes the gijeom cheil (35.52cm), Ju cheok (25.45cm), sunje Cheok (23.5cm), the Long Tang Cehok (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81 ㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla Dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of Kng Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, (29.706 cm), making 10 Bun 1 Chon and 10 Chon 1 Cheok. The volume-measuring system(Seung) was 198.81㎤ before 681 BC in the shilla dynasty and was 596.42 ㎤ after that. In the seventh year of King Munjong of the Koryo dynasty the standard measuring system with the Long Tang Cheok as its basis was adopted, and the standard volume-measuring tools were used under the name of Migok, Daesodugok, Kijangdu, Habseung and gokseok. The 1 Seung volumes of theses toolas were 596,447,927 and 1053㎤, respectively. were called Migok, Daesodugok, Mijangdu, Habseung and Gokseok, being respectively 596,447,927, 1053 ㎤, respectively. In the Chosun Dynasty the length of the Yeongjocheos was 27.6 cm or 31.220 in the Sejong era, 29.8 from Heonjong through Gojong, and 30.3 cm after the 6th year of King Kwangmu, and the volume of Du(Mal) also changed like 4.121 or 5.964, 5.187, 23.08 $\ell$, and the 1-Jeonjung also changed like 2.66 or bout 4, 3.45, 3.75 in line with the changes of the length system.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 2007

1. Objectives We studied the characteristics of pulse wave variables in hypertensive patients and healthy subjects and would develope the program diagnosing Sasang Constitution. 2. Methods Healthy subjects and hypertensive patients were measured with pulse analyzer. In each of healthy and hypertensive group, means of pulse analyzer variables were compared among Constitution. On these bases of these results, decision tree composed of several rules were developed. 3. Results and Conclusions Decision tree with 72.13% accuracy were developed. (1) if h5(Cheok) < 2.325 & Wm/t(Cheok) < 0.238281 then class = Soeumin (2) if h5(Cheok) < 2.325 & Wm/t(Cheok) ${\ge}$ 0.238281 then class = Taeumin (3) if h5(Cheok) ${\ge}$ 2.325 & t1(Chon) ${\ge}$ 0.143 then class = Soyangin (4) if h5(Cheok) ${\ge}$ 2.325 & t1(Chon) < 0.143 & h3/h1(Cheok) ${\ge}$ 0.963601 then class = Soyangin (5) if h5(Cheok) ${\ge}$ 2.325 & t1(Chon) < 0.143 & h3/h1(Cheok) < 0.963601 & sum of pulse pressure(SPP) of Gwan ${\ge}$ 618 then class = Taeumin (6) if h5(Cheok) ${\ge}$ 2.325 & t1(Chon) < 0.143 & h3/h1(Cheok) < 0.963601 & sum of pulse pressure(SPP) of Gwan < 618 & t3(Chon) < 0.209 then class = Soeumin (7) if h5(Cheok) ${\ge}$ 2.325 & t1(Chon) < 0.143 & h3/h1(Cheok) < 0.936601 & sum of pulse pressure(SPP) of Gwan < 618 & t3(Chon) ${\ge}$ then class = Taeumin From above results, we concluded that pulse analyzer is useful instrument to decide Sasang Constitution.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2009

In "Maekyojeongmiron(脈要精微論)", Jangbu(臟腑) is assigned to Chon.Gwan.Cheok(寸關尺) in according to the position. Kidney[腎] is assigned to the backward area of Cheok. Abdominal cavity[腹中] is assigned to the middle area of Cheok. Hypochondrium[季脇] is assigned to the forward area of Cheok. Liver[肝] is assigned to the backward area of left Gwan. Diaphragm[鬲] is assigned to the forward area of left Gwan. Stomach[胃] is assigned to the backward area of right Gwan. Spleen[脾] is assigned to the forward area of right Gwan. Heart[心] is assigned to the backward area of left Chon. Central part of the chest[膻中] is assigned to the forward area of left Chon. Lung[肺] is assigned to the backward area of right Chon. Thoracic cavity[胸中] is assigned to the forward area of right Chon. This method of assignment is simple and useful in clinic.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2017

We studied the hour-lines of six extant Yangcheon-cheoks in Korea. To find whether Yangcheon-cheok was used in the whole area of Korea, we calculated the length of shadows of Yangcheon-cheok on the Korean Peninsula, Nanjing and Beijing as well as Hanyang (Seoul), according to 24 solar terms. Comparing the length of shadows with hour-lines of those relics, we could find that Yangcheon-cheok was suitable for use at limited times (from 9:00 to 15:00) during the year. Also, this sundial is more appropriate for use at low latitudes than high ones. Among existing relics, that of Seoul Museum of History made with porcelain was much more suitable to use at Hanyang and its higher latitude. Lee's collection was also suitable to use at Nanjing. It is certain that Yangcheon-cheok was a portable sundial which could be used from nine to fifteen of clock all the year around except for the winter season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.16
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• pp.111-123
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• 1991

We suppose that Poback-cheok appeared with wearing clothes in the ancient times. At first, man used body as a scale, and it is gradually diversified with social development. It is clear that also in the time of Shilla-Dynasty, the United Shilla-Dynasty and the Goryeo-Dynasty, the system of degree existed in historical relation to that of China. But we don't know it's real length, because there is no recording until the beginning of the Yi-Dynasty. The first recording about Poback-cheok appeared in the time of the King Sejong. Hwangjong-Cheok which is a original vessel of the degree system appears in the 7th years of the King Sejong. In the 12th years of the King Sejong, Ju-cheok, Youngjo-cheok and Joyegi-cheok appeared. In the 13th years of the King Sejong, Poback-cheok appeared as a new changed one. At that time, the length of Poback-cheok is recorded as 44.75cm in chapter of Oye and Jonsoo Pobaek-cheok is recorded as 46.73cm in Jeonjesangjeongso's picture, and it is recorded as 46.80cm in the Kyunggugdaijeon. The scale system is put in good order in the time of King Sejong. But it is confused by the war of 1636 after King Seonjo period. In the 26 th year of King Youngjo, it is reappeared as one of the King Sejong, and it is fixed as 46.80cm. The length is used until the proclamation in the 6th years of the Kwangmu(1902), and then the length of Pobaek-cheok is changed as 48.48 cm, that is measured by a Gok-cheok. After that time, the scale system is very confused during the introduction of new civilization and the Korean-Japanes Unit. So it is used longer or shorter(that is, 49.24cm or 48.91cm). And the metric system is introduced by Japanes in 1926, and it reached the present time. According to use, the actual thing with is used in the end of the Yi-Dynasty is various from 30cm to 70cm. And according to material and craft-man, it can be devided into Hwa-gag scale, Najeon-blacklacquer-scale, bamboo-scale, wooden-scale. The way of expression of measure is always followed by the decimal system. The other half part, except the part of expression of graduation, is put on decorate with a pattern. Also we can see the idea of living on this point.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.7-23
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• 2008

This study is examine the scales applied to buildings in the age of Unified Silla through construction sites excavated and its results are as follows; First, scales used in the age of Unified Silla were varied like Jucheok, Dangcheok and Hancheok, but it was generally accepted that Dangcheok was used in Yeongjocheok Since it was found that the scales applied to Dabotap at the Bulguksa temple and main building of the Gameunsa temple belonged to Goguryeo, Yeongjocheok scale used early in the age of Unified Silla was transitional and it was thought that Goguryeocheok and Dangcheok were used togethar. Second, according to actual rulers in Korea, china and Japan, the length of Dangcheok(ruler used in Chinese Tang era) mostly belonged to the extent of $29.25cm\;{\sim}\;30.5cm$(central value: 29,71cm). Third, plane features of main building of temple are assumed that it had five rooms in front compartment until the 7th century and then it was diversified to three, five and seven compartment. The size of compartment was same in the scale of front Eokan and Hyeopkan until late 7th century, but since then the dimension of Eokan tended to be wider than Hyeopkan. It was judged that the front Eokan used triple scales like 9, 12, 15, 18 cheok. Fourth, the length of residential structures was 17.5cheok${\sim}$36cheok and Bcheok was commonly used for front side of structure, The length of official structures was 8.4cheok${\sim}$36.3cheok which is similar to residential structures. However it has been confirmed that each of 9cheok, 12cheok, and 15cheok has been used for Eokan and Hyeopkan which gave presumption that triple scales was used for the measure.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.17-29
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find the effects of Sa-Am lung tonifying acupuncture on radial pulse through the parameters difference. Methods : Forty healthy subjects participated in this study, acupuncture group and control group were divided. Compared various parameters of radial pulse between two groups, and the significantly changed 16 parameters ware measured using 3 dimensional pulse imaging system(DMP-3000) before, right after, 30 minutes after, and 60 minutes after acupuncture at Chon, Gwan, Cheok in acupucture group. Results : After lung tonifying acupuncture, radial pulse 16 parameters were showed changes significantly according to the time at each measuring location. 1. Heart rate, T2/T, T5, T5/T and W/T significantly decreased, W significantly increased. 2. Modulus of elasticity significantly decreased in left Cheok. 3. Amplitude of H4 significantly increased in left Gwan and right Cheok. 4. AIx, AIxHR significantly decreased in left Gwan and significantly increased in right Chon. 5. Area of pulse, area of W significantly increased in right Cheok. 6. Pulse energy, energy/min, EIx significantly decreased in left Cheok. 7. Maximum variation time of each parameter is showed different according to the parameter. Conclusions : Lung tonifying acupuncture exerts an influence on radial purse parameters. Further radial pulse change study on various acupuncture treatment is required.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.140-149
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the change and correlation of pulse energy in Left and Right Chon, Kwan, Cheok during menstruation, especially around menstruation start date. Methods: The subjects of this experiment were 8 healthy women whose menstruation periods are regular. We measured 3D Blood Pressure Pulse Analyzer (3D-MAC) tests before and after menstruation start date. Results: The results were as follows 1. The pulse energy of the Right Chon was significantly decreased and Left Kwan was comparatively increased during the next day of menstruation start date than previous day. 2. There was a negative correlation between Left Kwan and Left Cheok, Right Chon and Right Kwan pulse energy during the previous and menstruation start date. The negative correlation disappeared between Right Chon and Right Kwan at the next day of menstruation start date. Conclusions: The results suggest that Chon, Kwan, Cheok pulse energy changes are related to menstruation and reflect physiological mechanism of menstruating women. Further study will be needed.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2015

We investigated the six remaining Yang-cheon-cheoks (量天尺), which were first described in the Veritable Record of King Sukjong (肅宗實錄). These woodblock sundials from Korea are structurally very similar to a Gyupyo (圭表, gnomon) or an altitude sundial and are light, compact, and portable. The front side of a Yang-cheon-cheok has two holes for styluses and several hour-lines. We compared the intervals of the hour-lines from the originating point of the stylus placement on all Yang-cheon-cheoks and found that two of the relics had the same hour-lines using the standard of the unit of 1 chon (寸). These two were actually the same sundial although the physical size was different. In spite of the lack of time accuracy, we hypothesize that various-sized Yang-cheon-cheoks were made and widely distributed throughout the public in the late Joseon Dynasty.

• Korean Architects
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• v.4 no.15 s.15
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• pp.39-46
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• 1969