• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.591-595
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• 1993

A trial involving 200 day-old 288 Shaver chicks in a randomized experimental design tested the effects of using diets based on local feed materials (LF). Commercial imported counterpart feeds (CF) served as control diets. Birds were raised from 0-6 w on Chick Starter feed, from 7-17 w on Pullet Developer feed and from 18 to 72 w on Layer feed. The results obtained indicated that there were no significant differences in the performance of birds fed LF and CF diets during the Chick Starter and Pullet Developer phases. During the Laying phase, there were also no differences in laying percentage, (66 vs 65) and in egg size (62 vs 63 g) between LF and CF diets. Feed cost was lower on LF diet had a better egg yolk colour score, (4 vs 1) than those fed on CF diet. Feed cost was lower on LF than CF diets and the feed cost for producing eggs was approximately 50 percent lower on LF compared to CF (P$ 0.06 vs P$ 0.12). It was concluded that the use of locally available feed resources produces comparable performance to that obtained using commercial imported feeds. Secondly, using local materials markedly reduces feed cost and cost of producing eggs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1662-1668
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• 2005

This review has been done to examine sex-linked dwarf gene in broiler production in hot-humid climates. Introduction of sex-linked dwarf gene especially in hot harsh tropical environments brings a great advantage for broiler production. The heavy broiler parent suffers due to the stress of these adverse climates. Sex-linked dwarf genes reduce body weight, egg weight, but are superior for adaptability under harsh tropical environments, with a lower requirement for housing and feed, better survivability and reproductive fitness giving fewer defective eggs, more hatching eggs, better fertility, hatchability, feed conversion efficiency and resistance to disease. Overall the cost of chick production from dwarf hens is lower than from their normal siblings. Market weights of broilers from sexlinked dwarf dams is almost similar to those of broilers from normal dams with normal sires. But the net benefit of broiler production from sex-linked dwarf dams is found to be greater than that of broilers from normal dams. This will be the most important to the rural communities in Bangladesh and in other countries where the similar environment and socio-economic conditions exist. Therefore, sexlinked dwarf hens might be used in broiler breeding plan as well as broiler production in the tropics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1586-1590
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• 2004

An experiment was carried out with day-old "Sonali" (♂RIR$\times$♀Fayoumi) chicks to investigate the efficacy of locally made low cost brooders for brooding chicks in rural areas. Three types of indigenous brooders viz. charcoal, haricane and sawdust brooders were used for brooding chicks throughout the experimental period of 28 days. The efficiency of the brooders was observed in respect of their ability to maintain temperature, fluctuation in temperature during operation and cost effectiveness. Following initial trial of temperature maintenance for 48 h, the chicks were put under the brooder stoves and brooded up to 28 days. The experimental birds were fed on chick starter diet. Maintenance of temperature with sawdust brooders was found satisfactory and optimum for brooding the chicks at different stages of brooding and at the same time involved least cost for brooding in comparison with charcoal and haricane brooders which did not perform well in generating heat necessary for brooding and were not economically feasible for poor farmers. On the other hand, performance of charcoal brooders was better in respect of temperature maintenance during initial stage (when the brooder was started) but the temperature fluctuated rapidly, whereas fluctuation of temperature was gradual in sawdust brooders. Body weight gain and feed conversion were best in sawdust brooders. Survivability was highest in sawdust brooders and lowest in haricane brooders. Sawdust brooders may be appropriate for brooding chicks in rural areas, where electricity is not available.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.241-244
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• 1991

An experiment was conducted to investigate the nutritional and economic effects of complete replacement of maize with sun-dried cassava (SDC) in the diet of broiler chickens raised from one day of age to seven weeks. The complete replacement of maize by SDC resulted in a 10 percent reduction (p<0.05) in final bodyweights (1.91 vs 1.72 kg); and a 5 percent reduction (p>0.05) in average feed intake (4.01 vs 3.81 kg). Feed efficiency was not affected (p > 0.05). Cost per kilogramme of feed was reduced by nearly 30 percent and cost per kilogramme of bodyweight gain lowered by about 26 percent by using SDC diet. Relative profit return after accounting for cost of feed and cost of day old chick was higher by 11 percent on the SDC diet. It was concluded that despite the reduction in final bodyweight, the attractive economic return obtained from using SDC, a locally produced ingredient, may be justified in place of maize which is imported.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2004

It has been recognized that the hen, like its mammalian counterparts, provides young chicks with antibodies as protection against hostile invaders. This system facilitates the transfer of specific antibodies from serum to egg yolk, and provides a supply of antibodies called immunoglobulin Y(IgY) to the developing embryo and the hatched chick. The protection against pathogens that the relatively immune-incompetent newly hatched chick has, is through transmission of antibodies from the mother via the egg. Egg yolk, therefore, can be loaded with a large amount of IgY against pathogens which can immobilize the existing or invading pathogens during the embryo development or in day-old chicks. Thus, the immunization of laying hens to various pathogens results in production of different antigen-specific IgY in eggs. Egg yolk contains 8∼20 mg of jmmunoglobulins (IgY) per ml or 136∼340 mg per yolk suggesting that more than 30 g of IgY can be obtained from one immunized hen in a year. By immunizing laying hens with antigens and collecting IgY from egg yolk, low cost antibodies at less than $10 per g compared to more than $20,000 per g of mammalian IgG can be obtained. This IgY technology opens new potential market applications in medicine, public health, veterinary medicine and food safety. A broader use of IgY technology could be applied as biological or diagnostic tool, nutraceutical or functional food development, oral-supplementation for prophylaxis, and as pathogen-specific antimicrobial agents for infectious disease control. This paper has emphasized that when IgY-loaded chicken eggs are produced and consumed, the specific antibody binds, immobilizes and consequently reduces or inhibits the growth or colony forming abilities of microbial pathogens. This concept could serve as an alternative agent to replace the use of antibiotics, since today, more and more antibiotics are less effective in the treatment of infections, due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 1994

Of the 200, 000 known species of molds, only 50 or 60 are known to be harmful to humans or livestock. Certain fungi that grow on grains and grasses can produce chemical substances called mycotoxins that adversely affect performance in poultry. There are several methods of preserving feed ingredients. The list includes: drying, antioxidants, mold inhibitors, organic acids, phosphates, cooking or toasting, fat extraction, blending and fermenting. Mold inhibitors are manufactured to inhibit mold growth and prevent the production of toxic substances. They are fungistats and not fungicides, that is, they only stop the growth of molds. Practical and cost-effective methods to detoxify mycotoxin containing feedstuffs are in great demand. 0.5% hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate added to the diet protected chicks from the deleterious effects of aflatoxin-contaminated feed. The dietary addition of antioxidants and methionine also significantly diminished the negative effects on body weight in chicks toxicated with 3.0 ppm aflatoxin B1.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.637-647
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• 1993

Over 40 per cent Indian population needs to be attended for nutritional improvement. Traditional nutritious food resources though abundantly available but presently less used, if incorporated in the diets, can yield low-cost nutritionally balanced diets. The linear programming (LP)model was used for optimization of food resources to satisfy protein -energy requirements of hard working rural poor. Soybean-a highly nutritious food legume-available at reasonably low price was included along with chick -pea and pigeon -pea for comparison .The three cereals predominantly used in Indian diets -rice, wheat and sorghum -and three typical leafy vegetables namely, spinach , drumstick leaves and rajagira (Amaranths paniculantus) leaves were used for optimization . The contribution of food legume was restricted to supply only 50 per cent of daily protein requirement for maximum protein value. The quantities of other food stuffs namely , milk , sugar , tubers etc. were restricted to nati nal per capita availability. the nutrition satisfaction levels in per cent RDA by the model are 149-250 for protein , 51-106 for fat, 134-362 for iron an d143-1158 for Vitamin-A. Quantities of food legumes, cereals and leafy vegetables ranged from 289-601, 3000-3700 and 360-1200 g/day respectively for a reference family of five hard working rural poor. Daily food resources cost ranged from US$ 0.6 to 1.0 for the family. Amongst food legumes, soybean based diet combinations provide maximum nutritional benefits at minimum cost indicating its suitability for wider adoption by hard working poor.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1979

The propose of the present study was to evaluate the relative economic importance of the major Production traits in laying hens. Based on the results of this study, it was showed that feed requirement, average egg weight and hen-housed e99 Production influenced greatly on the income over feed and chick cost.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2005

Coccidiosis of domestic fowl is a parasitic disease that infects poultry drastically and can cost the pastured poultry producer much in the course of a year. Two hundred forty, day-old-broiler chicks were purchased and were randomly divided in eight groups, containing thirty birds in each group. Decoquinate $6\%$, maduramicin ammonium $2\%$, monensin sodium $13.2\%$, salinomycin sodium $12\%$, a live attenuated vaccine, and trivalent live attenuated vaccine, was provided to the day chicks of six groups, respectively. The chicks of last two groups served as infected non-medicated and uninfected non-medicated, respectively. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality and oocyst count per gram feces were recorded during the conduction of the experiment. Among treated groups, performance of salinomycin group was significantly better (p<0.05) in all aspects. Salinomycin acts against the sporozoites, trophozoites and first generation schizonts and is highly effective against the economically important species of Eimeria. The present study confirms that use of salinomycin, as an anticoccidial, is a drug of choice.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.112-115
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• 2012

To develop an efficient mass rearing system for Cadra cautella(Walker) and Orius laevigatus(Fieber) were investigated under the conditions of photoperiod 16L : 8D, $70{\pm}5%$ RH and $23{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The highest efficiency rate(multiply 28.6) of C. cautella was achieved when using the rearing cage of $20{\ell}$ than $3{\ell}$. The highest efficiency rate(multiply 16.3) of O. laevigatus was achieved when using the rearing cage of $5{\ell}$ (adult 1,500, 10 pcs(10 cm) of plant of egg taking). The moth could be successfully reared with all food substrates tested, of which rice bran(43%) + chick feed(43%) + yeast(14%) assumed to be proper for mass-rearing in view of cost.