• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.227-243
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to analyze a causal relations of children's learned helplessness, stress, perception of self-competence and mother's childrearing attitudes. The subjects were 370 of 4th and 6th grade in elementary school and the second grade in junior high school in Busan and their's mothers. The instruments used for this study were learned helplessness scale, stress scale, self-perception profile for children, and childrearing attitude scale. The data was analyzed with pearson's correlation, multiple regression and path analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows : 1. Children's global self-worth, social self, age and mother's controlling childrearing attitudes predicted children's stress. 21% of the variance of children's stress was explained by these variables. 2. Children's stress, global self-worth, academic and social self predicted children's learned helplessness. 54% of the variance of children's learned helplessness was explained by these variables. 3. 1) Global self-worth was the first contribution and had a indirect effect through stress as well as a direct effect on children's learned helplessness. 2) Children's stress and academic self had direct effect on children's learned helplessness. 3) Children's social self had a indirect effect through stress as well as a direct effect on children's learned helplessness. 4) Mother's affectionate childrearing attitudes had indirect effect through academic, and social self and global self-worth on children's learned helplessness. Mother's controlling childrearing attitudes had indirect effect through stress on children's learned helplessness. Children's age had a indirect effect through global self-worth and stress and children's sex had a indirect effect through social self on children's learned helplessness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 1984

The general fearfulness of hospitalized school-age children and the emotional anxiety of their mothers were investigated and compared to those of normal children and their mothers, in order to provide theoretical basis for establishing comprehensive nursing care of hospitalized children including their mothers. The present study was carried out from Sept. 5th to Oct. 3rd, 1983. A total of 81 hospital I zed children and their mothers were investigated and 95 normal elementary school children and their mothers as control group were surveyed The general fearfulness of children and the emotional anniety of their mothers were measured through questionaire by using Geer's FSS-Ⅱscale and Spielberger's STAI scale, respectively. The results were analyzed by computer using S.P.S.S. program and summarized as follows: 1. The emotional anxiety of the mothers of hospitalized children was greater than that of normal children's mothers. (P=0.000). 2. The general fearfulness of hospitalized children was greater than that of normal children (p=0.000) 3. The general fearfulness of hospitalized children varied with children's age and sex, mother's age and mother's experience of hospitalization. a) The general fearfulness of the hospitalized children at the age of 7∼9 was greater than that of the age 10∼12. (P=0.020) b) Girl's scored greater fearfulness than boys. (p=0.037) c) The younger mother's age resulted in the higher children fearfulness. (P= 0.0059). d) When the mothers did not have experience of hospitalization, the children's fearfulness was high. (P=0.014) 4. The anxiety-state of hospitalized children's mother was proportionally reacted to their anxiety-trait. (r=0.694, p=0.000) 5. The relationship between mother's emotional anxiety and their hospitalized children's general fearfulness failed to show statistical significance. (r= 0.1184, P＞0.05). These results indicated that the general fearfulness of hospitalized children was affected by environmental factors beside mother's emotional anxiety. An extensive study on the factors influencing the general fearfulness of hospitalized children is needed.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.17-44
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• 1987

The study examined the characteristics of the relationship of home environment variables and children's social development. Two studies were conducted ; Study I examined (1) the correlation of home environment variables and children's social ability and (2) the predictability of home environment variables for children's social ability by children's age. Study II investigated the causal relationship among the variables which are supposed to affect children's social ability. The subjects of this study were 240 children at age four, six and eight attending nursery schools, kindergartens and elementary schools and their mothers. Instruments included the Inventory of Home Stimulation (HOME), the Inventory of Sociodemographic Variables, social maturation scale, and the social-emotional developmental rating scale. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) Home environment variables had a positive correlation with children's social development at age four and six, but at age eight, only HOME variables had a significant positive correlation with children's social development. 2) The home environmental variables that significantly predicted children's social development differed according to children's age. That is, play materials, economic status of the home, and parent education were predictive of children's social development at age four, while parent's education, fostering maturity and independence, and play materials were predictive at age six. Fostering maturity and independence, aspects of physical environment, and economic status of the home were predictive at age eight. 3) The causal model of home environment effect on children's social development was formulated by exogenous variables (parent education and economic status of the home) and endogenous variables (direct stimulation, indirect stimulation and the emotional climate of the home). 4) The results of the analysis of the causal model showed that the variables that have a direct effect on children's social development differed according to children's age. That is, direct stimulation had more effect on children's social development at earlier ages, and indirect stimulation had more effect on children's social development at later ages. Among socio-demographic variables, parent's education was most closely related to children's social development. The amount of variance that explained children's social development decreased with increase in children's age.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.143-162
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influences on resource transfers between middle-aged parents and their married children. This study used 2009 data from the National Research Foundation of Korea regarding inter-generational resource transfers and preparation for later life (kfr-2009-c00010). A sample of 1208 households of middle-aged parents with married children was used. The study found that parents provided financial resource transfers to their married children in the following circumstances: where parents received financial resource transfers from their married children, where the household income of parents was high, where the children were younger, and where the children were male. Parents provided instrumental resource transfers to their married children in the following circumstances: where parents received instrumental resource transfers from their married children, where the gender of children was female, where the children were employed, where married children had their own children who were either younger than a preschooler, and where household incomes of married children were high. Parents received financial resource transfers from their married children in these circumstances: where their emotional ties with their children was high, where the household income of the parents was low, where the household income of the married children was high, and where married children had preschoolers. The circumstances in which parents received instrumental resource transfers from their married children were where parents provided instrumental resource transfers and the household incomes of married children were high.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 2004

Purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes of disabled children and non-disabled children. Subjects consisted of 86 disabled children from a special education school and 127 non-disabled children from an elementary school in Seoul. Nutrient intakes were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method, with the help of children's parents and teachers. Almost all nutrient intakes (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin B$_1$ and niacin) of children with cerebral palsy were significantly lower than those of other groups. But nutrient intakes per body weight of children with cerebral palsy were not significantly different with those of other groups. There was no significant difference between disabled and non-disabled children in almost % RDA (rate of actual intake to RDA) except of energy %RDA in children with cerebral palsy. NARs (nutrient adequacy ratio) for energy and vitamin B$_1$ of children with cerebral palsy were significantly lower than those of children with autism and mental retardation, and non-disabled children. The proportions of energy, carbohydrate and protein intakes from lunch were significantly higher than those from breakfast and dinner in children with mental retardation and autism. The nutrient intakes of disabled children were different between other groups according to the type of handicap. For example, children with cerebral palsy had the risk of undernutrition. On the other hand, autistic children had the tendency of overnutrition. These results suggest that nutrition educational programs and educational materials for disabled children, their teachers and their parents should be developed considering the type of handicap.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.577-588
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• 2011

The purpose of this research was to provide basic educational data on the proper eating habits of children who use the community children center. The results of the research conducted by polling the fourth, fifth, and sixth-grade children of the community children centers are summarized as follows. Male children had more meals and ate them faster than those of female children, and they also tended to watch more TV and read books. Moreover, children of families headed by fathers ate until they were full, whereas children of households headed by mothers ate less. More female than male children skipped breakfast, and the percentage of children who had their meals alone was high among children reared by their grandfathers. Most of the children ate only what they liked. Moreover, male children ate only particular fruits and vegetables, whereas female children ate only beans and miscellaneous cereals. Most of the children recognized that they had eating problems, such as eating only what they liked and eating meals on irregular schedules. Such eating habits were affected mainly by family members such as parents, brothers, and sisters. Female children scored higher than male children in terms of nutrition and hygiene knowledge. Approximately 40~50.3% of all subjects became interested in nutrition and hygiene education at the community children center. Most of the children recognized that nutrition and hygiene education is necessary at the community children center. They also recognized their own eating problems and wanted nutrition and hygiene education to be taught at the community children center. Accordingly, regular educational activities and meals for children in the community children center considered a children's particular home background to improve eating habits in the children.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.181-192
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• 2006

This study investigated the effects of children's gender, parental divorce, and children's perception of parenting behaviors on children's behavior problems. The subjects were 80 children in divorced families(46boys and 34girls) and 74 children in non-divorced families (37boys and 37girls). They completed questionnaire assessing perception of parenting behaviors and their teacher rated K-CBCL(withdrawal, depression/anxiety, aggression). Results were as follows. First, children in non-divorced families perceived their parenting behavior more positively. Second, boys had more behavior problems such as depression/anxiety and aggression than girls. Third, children in divorced families had more behavior problems such as withdrawal, depression/anxiety, and aggression than children in non-divorced families. Fourth, children's withdrawal was affected by parental divorce and children's perception of parenting behaviors, and children's depression/ anxiety and aggression were affected by parental divorce and children's gender.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to research on sleep habits of weak children groups using objective evaluation tools. Methods This study surveyed 108 children and adolescents of 4~10 years old who visited the department of Pediatrics of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Korean Medicine Hospital from June 19th, 2015 to August 28th, 2015. Weak Children Questionnaire and CSHQ (The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire) were used to research on sleep habits of children. We analyzed the data by using PASW Statistics 18.0 with independent t-test. Results CSHQ Score of Weak Children Group was significantly higher than CSHQ Score of Normal Children Group (p<0.05). CSHQ Score ($Mean{\pm}SD$) of Normal Children Group was $52.92{\pm}5.72$ and CSHQ Score ($Mean{\pm}SD$) of Weak Children Group was $56.23{\pm}5.66$. Conclusions Weak Children Group had more sleep habit problems than Normal Children Group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-47
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships and predictor variable between father's child-rearing behaviors and children's sex-role taking, emotional responses and children's prosocial behavior by demographic variables and mother's work status. Subjects were 142 kindergarten children and their mothers in Busan. Three type of measurement were used in this study; (1) Two scales for father's child-rearing behaviors and children's emotional responses, (2) an interview for children's sex-role taking, and (3) amount of candies to share with classmates for children's prosocial behavior. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient, t-test, F-test, multiple regression, Scheffe's post hoc test using the SAS computer program. There were significant correlations between father's child-rearing behaviors and children's sex-role taking, and between father's child-rearing behaviors and children's prosocial behavior. There were significant differences in father's child-rearing behaviors, children's emotional respones, and children prosocial behavior by SES and mother's job. Father's child-rearing behaviors were the most important predictor variables influencing children's sex-role taking and children's prosocial behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2008

Given the evolving nature of the family unit, a large number of children are being left unsupervised after school. The purpose of this study is to understand the adaptation ability and emotional capacity of these children. To achieve this objective, we investigated the different characteristics of 708 middle-school students in Seoul, dividing them into two categories adult-care children, for whom adults provide care after school, and self-care children for whom no adult supervision was present. In particular, we examined children's adaptation to the school environment and possible self-consciousness difference between self-care and adult-care children, in consideration of their family characteristic; divorced, separated, widowed parent, remarried parents, ordinary families. The results showed that self-care children tend to have a higher rate of shame-proneness and guilt-proneness compared to adult-care children. Furthermore, self-care children exhibited lower school adaptation rate than adult-care children. There was no significant difference in schoolmate relationships between the two groups. In relation to specific family structures, children from reorganized families showed no significant differences in school adaptation and self-conscious, while self-care children from ordinary families revealed low school adaptation and high self-conscious characteristics. The results of this study are critical in the effective analysis and understanding of children's adaptive and emotional behaviors arising from changes in their family structure.