• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.898-907
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• 2005

Chromium has emerged as an essential trace mineral in nutrition. However, it readily causes toxicity because of slightly excessive dose and/or form of chromium supplement. Therefore, developing a noble form of chromium supplement which is capable of not only an increased availability but also a reduced toxicity has been a critical issue in chromium nutrition. Chromium-methionine chelate has been, so far, one of the latest developments in its kind. Although not much information is available for the chromium-methionine chelate, especially in view of animal performances upon dietary supplementation, several studies indicated chromium methionine chelate could be effective to improve meat quality by increasing muscle mass but decreasing body fat. Highly-graded beef was produced by dietary chromium methionine supplementation during fattening stage of Korean native steers. Body muscle was increased in replace of decreasing body fat in both pig and rat that were dietary supplemented with chromium methionine chelate. However, a pig farm study did not show any significant improvement of body gain upon supplementation of chromium methionine. Immune responses of pig and rat were not always dependent upon chromium form but were varied by species. These results suggest there could be a different mode of responses due to species as well as onset time of dietary supplementation of chromium methionine. It is still early to conclude the bio-efficacy of chromium methionine chelate presumably due to its recent appearance into the field. But the chelate is certainly worth more application to animal since it certainly reduced the application level of dietary chromium.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

The study was designed to estimate the in vitro rumen by-pass rate of both chromium methionine chelate as an organic supplement and $ClCl_3$ as an inorganic supplement. Rumen by-pass rates of the supplements were evaluted by comparing ruminal metabolites in rumen fluid and Cr and methionine contents in the body of ruminal microorganism. For in vitro digestion examination, basic nutrients for ruminal microbes were supplied with 7g(DM) of feed, 2g of rice straw, and 2g of corn silage per each incubation jar. Three treatments including Control(no supplementation of Cr), T1(1000ppb supplementation of $ClCl_3$) and T2(chromium methionine chelate supplementation equivalent to 1000ppb of Cr content) were prepared with five replications per each treatment. pH of T2 was lower than that of Control and T1 regardless of incubation time. Ammonia content was higher in T2 than in Control and T1 during first 6 hours of incubation. However, the ammonia content in Control was remained low after 6 hours. Total volatile fatty acids(VFA) content in control was increased constantly as incubation time was extended. Therefore, VFA content in T1 and T2 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of Control. Dry matter recovery rate by ruminal microorganism was the lowest in T1, however ruminal microbial population was increased most efficiently in T2 during 12 hours of in vitro incubation. Cr concentrations in the body of ruminal microbes were not different(P>0.05) between Control and T2, but it was significantly high in T1(P<0.05). Contents of methionine and cystine in ruminal microbes also were not different between Control and T2(P>0.05), but it was relatively low in T1. Based on the above results, the chromium methionine chelate was believed to by-pass rumen and could remain intact until it reaches small intestine compared to inorganic chromium. This results implies that chromium methionine chelate could be more effective to function in the small intestine of ruminant animals.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2015

A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) chelate and forage level over two years, $1^{st}$ fattening and $2^{nd}$ fattening period on growth parameters, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites of 46 Korean native (Hanwoo, Bos Taurus, $BW=183{\pm}44kg$) steers. Treatments were: 1) Steers in the low forage (LF) group were fed diets that consisted of 60% concentrate and 40% forage; 2) Steers in the high forage (HF) group were fed diets that consisted of 40% concentrate and 60% forage. Following the $1^{st}$ fattening period, steers ($BW=480{\pm}37.6kg$) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: LF (40 F plus no Cr-Met supplementation in the $2^{nd}$ fattening period), LFCM (40LF plus added 400 ppb of Cr-Met during the $2^{nd}$ fattening period), HF (60 F plus no added Cr-Met during the $2^{nd}$ fattening period) and HFCM (60 F plus added 400 ppb of Cr-Met in the $2^{nd}$ fattening period). Dry matter intake of the treatment diets did not differ during the raising and $1^{th}$ fattening period (P > 0.05). The ADG in the raising period showed no difference between the 40 F and 60 F groups (P > 0.05). Carcass characteristics including rib-eye area and meat yield index were higher in HF than the other treatment groups (P < 0.05). The HF group tended to show a higher (P = 0.08) marbling score than the LF group whereas the HFCM group showed a higher marbling score than the LFCM group (P < 0.05). HDL was higher and LDL lower in groups fed with Cr-Met than in other groups whereas glucose showed the lowest value in HF group (P < 0.05). Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol, PUN and total protein (TP) were the same among all treatment groups (P > 0.05). The Insulin concentration in the blood was significantly higher for the HFCM group than for the LF, LFCM and HF groups (P < 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation of chromium-methionine chelate could improve meat quality in beef steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.378-383
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) chelate supplementation on blood metabolites and fatty acid profile of beef from Holstein steers during late fattening period. Fifteen Holstein steers were allotted randomly into two groups including the control (non Cr-Met feeding, NCM, ave. body weight [BW] = $483{\pm}25.7kg$) and the treatment (Cr-Met feeding for 4 months, 4CM, ave. $BW=486{\pm}27.5kg$) group. The feeding amount of Cr-Met to animals was limited to 400 ppb/cow/d and was supplemented to total mixed ration. No difference in blood albumin, alkaline phosphatase, urea-nitrogen, calcium, creatine, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol were observed between the treatment groups (p>0.05). The level of high density lipoprotein was higher in the 4CM group than the NCM group, whereas low density lipoprotein was lower in the 4CM group (p<0.05). The fatty acid composition (caprate, laurate, myristate, pentadecanoate, palmitate, palmitoleate, margarate, cis-11 heptadodecanoate, stearate, oleate, trans-vaccenate, linoleate, cis-11 eicosenoate, docosa hexaenoic acid, and docosa pentaenoic acid) of the beef showed no difference between the two groups (p>0.05). The arachidonic acid level tended to be higher in the 4CM than the NCM group (p = 0.07). Cr-Met had no influence (p>0.05) on the ratio of saturated, unsaturated, unsaturated/saturated, monounsaturated/saturated and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the 4CM group was comparatively higher than the NCM group (p<0.05). This study concluded that feeding Cr-Met supplementation in 400 ppb/d to Holstein steers for 4 months during late fattening period can improve some blood metabolites and beef quality by increasing PUFA and gamma-linoleate compositions of beef.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.355-362
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate effects of either organic or inorganic sources of both chromium and copper on growth performances, nutrients digestibility and fecal Cr, Cu, and Zn excretion in growing pigs. A total of 36 growing pigs((Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc, weighing 61.2kg in average) were allotted to 4 treatments with 3 replicates and 3 pigs per replicate. Four treatments were designated by supplemental sources of both chromium and copper as follows: ①200ppb Cr as Cr-methionine chelate(CrMet) and 200ppm Cuas copper methionine chelate(CuMet), ②200ppb Cr as CrMet and 200ppm Cu as copper sulfate(CuSO4), ③200ppb Cr as chromium chloride(CrCl3) and 200ppm Cu as CuMet, ④200ppb Cr as CrCl3 and 200ppm Cu as CuSO4. Growth performance was highest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuMet supplemented diet treatment. Nutrients digestibility of diets was lowest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuSO4 supplemented diet treatment, and highest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuMet supplemented diet treatment. Fecal copper, zinc and chromium excretion was highest(p<0.05) in CrCl3 and CuSO4 supplementation treatment and lowest(p<0.05) in CrMet and CuMet supplementation treatment. This study showed a relatively high degree of utilization of Cr and Cu as well as Zn by supplementation of CrMet and CuMet compared with those of the inorganic sources.